从马萨林宫到“图书馆-博物馆-长廊”——法国国家图书馆黎塞留馆址古今变迁

From Mazarin Palace to “ Library-Museum-Gallery”: A Brief History of the Richelieu Site

法国国家图书馆起源于国王图书馆,最早可推算到查理五世(CharlesV,1338-1380)。6个多世纪中,法国国家图书馆几经变迁,每一次重大转折,无不与社会知识积累和需求的转型相对应。所以,法国国家图书馆的历史也就是法国社会发展史的缩影。20世纪90年代以来,人类知识进入了数字化转型的新阶段。与此相应,法国国家图书馆启动密特朗图书馆工程,目标是建设一座"世界上最大、最先进的图书馆"。1998年印本藏书搬迁至密特朗新馆以后,黎塞留(Richelieu)老馆成为写本、印画、照片、舆图、钱币、古玩、音乐和表演艺术等特藏品基地。21世纪伊始,如何改进老馆收藏和服务机能,使之与社会新型知识结构接轨的问题被提上议事日程。经过近十年的论证,黎塞留老馆改建工程于2011年动工。第一期工程已于2016年底结束。第二期工程预计于2020年竣工。如何在保护和修缮文物建筑的同时,改进图书馆特藏品各部门对内和对外的各项机能,这是老馆改建工程的关键。

The National Library of France（Bn F） originated in the King’s Library under the reign of Charles V（1338-1380）. Over six centuries, the Bn F underwent several changes. Every major turning point coincides with changes of society and changes in the relationship between society and knowledge. In other words, the history of the Bn F reflects that of French society. Since the 1990 s, human knowledge has entered a new phase of digital transformation. Meanwhile, the Bn F started the Mitterrand Library Project with the objective of building the ＂world’s largest and most advanced library. ＂ After the printed book collection was moved from the Richelieu site to the Mitterrand site in 1998, the former remained home to special collections of manuscripts, prints, photographs, maps, coins, antiques, music, and performing arts. At the beginning of the 21 st century, we asked ourselves how to improve the storage conditions, public service and internal functions of old buildings of Richelieu, in order to align them with the new social knowledge structure. In 2011, after nearly a decade of reflection and investigation, the renovation project of the Richelieu site started. The first phase of the works was completed at the end of 2016. The second phase is expected to be delivered by 2020. This article intends to review the historical changes of the Richelieu site, and explore the relationship between a library modernization project and the evolution of society.