生态旅游开发对张家界自然保护区植物景观生态的多尺度影响

Assessment of Eco-tourism Impact on Landscape Ecology in Zhangjiajie Nature Reserves in Hunan Province

从小尺度、中尺度和微观尺度分析了湖南省张家界自然保护区生态旅游开发对区内植物生态和景观生态的影响。结果表明:(1)植物生态指标相关性分析表明,阴生种数量、凋落层厚度、乔灌幼苗量、物种多样性指数具有较好的表征作用,而草本层盖度的表征作用不明显;物种多样性与阴生种数量、草本层盖度之间没有必然联系;(2)整个区域平均植物生态影响度指数显示出较为严重级的负面影响,表明旅游开发给张家界自然保护区植物带来了一定的负面影响;(3)保护区的各项景观生态指标比建园初期高,变化最大的是景观视觉综合敏感度指数;整个区域景观生态影响度指数(0.423)接近"比较严重级"级别,表明张家界自然保护区的旅游开发给中观尺度的景观带来了一定的负面影响;(4)不同景观类型植物生态影响度指数随距离的增加,影响指数逐渐下降,反映出旅游活动带来的植物生态影响具有垂直于游径或旅游景点边界由内向外逐渐降低的变化规律;(5)最邻近距离分析法表明,建园初自然保护区景观近邻比接近1(0.97),呈随机分布特征,而目前自然保护区景观的近邻比超过1(1.03),呈聚集分布特征。与建园初各景观类型相比,Z值由建园初的随机分布到目前的聚集分布;除了水域,建园初不同景观分布类型也相应的发生了改变。

Investigations were carried out on different sample plots of 7 landscape types in July 2015 in Zhangjiajie Nature Reserve in Hunan province. The impact of tourism on vegetation and landscape types was evaluated by micro and meso-scale analysis. The results showed that number of shade plant species and tree seedlings, litter thickness and species diversity index could be good indicators for impact assessment. Investigation demonstrated that the impact index of phytoecology was high, indicating that tourism caused ecological degradation. The current landscape ecological indicators were higher than initial ones, among them the greatest change was the comprehensive landscape visual sensitivity index. The landscape ecological effect index（0.423） in the research area was close to serious, suggesting that tourism had negative impact in medium scale landscape. Plant ecological effect index of different landscape types decreased with the increase of distance, indicating that it changed from inner to outside. The nearest neighbor analysis showed that at the initial stage of nature reserve, nearest neighbor index was 0.97 with random distribution pattern, while it was 1.03 in 2015, aggregated distribution pattern.