超越分配正义:基于《哥达纲领批判》的分析

Beyond Distributive Justice: An Analysis Based on Critique of the Gotha Program

马克思在《哥达纲领批判》中通过对拉萨尔主义分配正义观的批判,深刻地阐明了生产方式对正义原则的决定性作用,以及生产方式、生产资料与正义三者间的关系问题。与拉萨尔主义将分配正义作为社会主义革命的实现目标不同,马克思认为,分配正义忽略了生产资料所有制问题,并且在资本主义社会中具有现实层面的不可实现性,扭曲了研究社会正义的方向。在马克思对分配正义的批判分析中,可以归纳出权利原则、贡献原则、按需分配等三种分配原则,高一级次的正义原则作为低一级次正义原则的批判参照,是正义原则在不同历史阶段的自我展开和自我扬弃过程。马克思的正义观最终超越了物质层面的"善品"分配,指向人的自由全面发展和自我实现。

In Critique of the Gotha Program,Marx criticizes the distributive justice of Lasalle socialism,which thoroughly illuminates the decisive role of production mode in the justice principle,as well as the relationship between the production mode,production goods and justice. While Lasalle socialism regards the distributive justice as the goal of socialist revolution,Marx believes that it ignores the ownership of means of production,has the unfeasibility in reality even in the capitalist society,and distorts the direction of social justice. Marx＇s critical analysis of distributive justice can be summed into three distribution principles,namely the principle of rights,the principle of contribution,and the distribution according to the need. The principle of justice of the first order,as a critical reference for that at a lower level,is a process of its self-expansion and self-abandonment. Marx＇s view of justice ultimately transcends the distribution of goods at the material level and leads to the overall and free development and self-realization of human.