博弈与牺牲:近世初期德川幕府海洋政策特点

Game and Sacrifice: Characteristics of the Tokugawas' Marine Policies in the Early Modern Period

江户初期,日本的海洋政策主要为"不干涉"三字,尽量避免卷入海外纠纷中。二代将军德川秀忠承袭乃父家康之惯例,并有所巩固。至三代将军德川家光时,亚洲大环境的动荡迫使其进一步闭关锁国,其海洋政策的特点为危机管理。在海洋与陆地、贸易与统治的选择中,幕府毅然地坚守国内的政治权益。其锁国政策显然有牺牲民间利益的一面。并且,江户幕府的海洋政策皆以德川氏的统治为先,忽视了国际间的交往与信任。

In the early Edo period,Japan adopted the maritime policy of ＂nonintervention＂,so as to avoid involvement in overseas disputes. Tokugawa Hidetada,the 2nd Shōgun of the Tokugawa Dynasty,followed his father＇s policy and even consolidated it. During the reign of the third Shōgun,Tokugawa Iemitsu,maritime restriction ordinances were enacted due to the turbulence in Asia. His maritime policy mainly focused on crisis management. When choosing between the sea and the land as well as between trade and governance,the Shogunate firmly adhered to their own political rights and interests. Thus the ＂closed door＂policy not only sacrificed the interests of the ordinary people,it also ignored international communication and mutual trust.