优秀男子赛艇运动员八周高原训练负荷结构特征及其训练效果的分析与评价

Analysis and Evaluation on the Training Load Characteristic and the Effect of Eight-week Altitude Training of Elite Rowers

以优秀男子赛艇运动员为研究对象,旨在探讨八周高原训练过程中训练负荷结构特征及其对运动能力的影响。方法:本次高原训练在海拔约2300m的云南会泽进行,研究对象为17名优秀男子赛艇运动员,共持续八周,训练内容以中低强度有氧耐力训练为主。训练过程中记录每日训练内容安排,并分别在高原训练前、高原训练结束后进行运动能力、身体成分等指标的测试。结果:(1)整个高原冬训过程可分为两个大的训练阶段,第1-4周属于第一训练阶段,第5周为测试调整周,第6-8周属第二训练阶段。每7天为一个训练周,每个训练周由2个小周期组成。八周高原训练过程中主要训练内容为中低强度有氧训练,每个阶段都穿插有无氧阈强度课次,第二阶段无氧阈强度课的训练量高于第一阶段;(2)经过系统的八周高原训练后,去脂体重较高原训练前未发生显著变化;(3)下高原后测功仪6km成绩显著提高,平均提高约22.5s(P<0.001);(4)高原训练后测功仪六级递增负荷测试中:第1-4级即刻HR均显著下降,第5级呈显著下降的趋势,第5、6级即刻Bla均较高原前有极显著下降(P<0.01);(5)高原训练后PWC170较高原前增加18W,有显著升高的趋势(P=0.059)。结论:本次以大运动量、中低强度有氧训练为主的八周高原训练,训练节奏安排清晰合理,对赛艇运动员有氧运动能力起到了较好的改造作用,表现为6km测功仪成绩的显著提高,多级负荷测试中第1-5级即刻HR、第5-6级即刻Bla的下降,PWC170升高,而同时未造成去脂体重的丢失。

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks altitude training（ altitude≈2300 m）on exercise performance of 17 elite male rowers. Methods： The altitude training last eight weeks which can be divided into two phases. Before and after altitude training,we measured body weight,body composition,VO2 max,6 km all-out time on rowing-ergometer and aerobic performance. Results：（ 1） The whole altitude camps can be divided into two periods. The first four-weeks were the first phase and the sixth to eighth week was the other. The fifth week was a taper and testing week. Every week included two small phases. During these eight weeks,most of the sessions were low to middle aerobic intensity but the volume of anaerobic threshold intensity was much more in the second period.（ 2） Compared with pre-altitude,fat-free body weight has no obvious change.（ 3） After altitude training,T6 km improved significantly（ P〈0. 001）.（ 4） In the step test,the heart rate of 1 st-4 th step and the blood lactate of 5 th and 6 th step decreased obviously after altitude.（ 5） Compared with pre-altitude,the PWC170 shows a significant increase trend increased（ P = 0. 059）. Conclusions： In our altitude training model,which was consisting of two big phase of eight weeks big volume-low to middle aerobic intensity,could improve aerobic performance of elite rowers effectively. After altitude camp,it exhibited that the T6 km,PWC170,the heart rate of 1 st-4 th step and the blood lactate of 5 th and 6 th step improved significantly.