历程、话语与行动范式变迁:国际发展援助中的NGO

History,Discourse and Paradigm Shift: NGOs in International Development Aid

＂一带一路＂倡议背景下,中国社会组织＂走出去＂必须要理解NGO（非政府组织）在国际发展体系中的总体地位、主流话语和行为范式,从而才能融入这一体系,并发展出自身在价值观、行动准则等方面的特征。本文结合关键学者的观察和相关史实、数据,在跨国NGO大历史和国际发展援助体系整体变迁的视野下,梳理了发达国家NGO参与发展援助在组织、行动方式和话语等方面的变化历程;归纳出背后三大宏观关系的变迁,以理解和评价当前主流NGO跨国发展活动的行动范式与话语形成,即＂跨国NGO-国家＂关系上从私人领域到公共领域、＂北-南＂关系上从单向援助到平等合作、＂NGO-社会＂关系上从志愿主义到职业主义。本文最后指出中国NGO＂走出去＂在组织起源、时机、目标、话语体系方面与发达国家NGO的差异,并提出中国NGO身份建构需要回答的五大基本问题。

While Chinese NGOs are trying to go abroad under the “One Belt One Road” initiative, understanding the existing niche, dis-course ,and paradigm of mainstream transnational NGOs in current interna-tional development aid system is crucial for Chinese NGOs to adapt and de-velop their own identity on value and norms. Base on key scholars＊ observa- tion, historical facts and related data, and bearing the macro history of trans-national NGOs and evolvement of international development system in mind, this article analyzed the organizational development and historical changes of action strategies and discourses for mainstream NGOs in international develop-ment. Three macro aspects behind the change process are introduced to un-derstand and evaluate the current action paradigm and discourses, namely shifting from private domain to public domain, one-way aid to equal cooper-ation, and voluntarism to professionalism. In the end, the differences be-tween Chinese NGOs and current mainstream transnational NGOs on organi-zational origins, timing, aims and discourse background were pointed out, and five critical questions were put forward to answer for Chinese NGO＊s i- dentity building.