国际NGO发展与研究述评

On International Nongovernmental Organizations

国际社会存在一个全球第三部门,它以国际非政府组织（国际NGO）为主体,在全球经济与全球政治之外开展活动。尽管近年对国际NGO的关注激增,但人们对全球第三部门依然知之甚少。1850年以来,国际NGO的发展经历了几个重要时期：19世纪下半叶为形成期,该时期成立的国际NGO有明确的全球化视野;两次世界大战虽然打乱了国际NGO的发展步伐,但休战期间,尤其是第二次世界大战结束后国际NGO呈现快速增长趋势;二战以后活跃在某一区域而非全球化定位的国际NGO增加;截至21世纪初,国际NGO几乎横跨整个人类活动的范围。国际NGO主要从事三种类型的活动：收集、产出及传播大量信息;主办各种会议;影响国际社会中的其他主体。多数广为人知的国际NGO主要关注环境、人权、发展等问题,其实这只是国际NGO中很小的一部分。随着第三部门日渐受到重视,国际NGO作为全球公共治理代言人的角色在全球治理中的重要性开始凸显,甚至在诸多社会领域占主导地位。在全球治理过程中,国际NGO与国家、政府间国际组织、跨国公司以及其他组织的关系密切而复杂。

In the world society,international nongovernmental organizations（ INGOs） act as the main body of the global third sector,which carries on activities outside the business and political realms. Despite the recent upsurge of attention to the INGOs,little is known about the global third sector. Since 1850,INGOs has experienced several important periods,the formative period—late 19 th century,during which the founded INGOs had the ideology of one world; the interwar period—a wave of disrupted transnationalization; the postwar period—INGOs expand rapidly. After the World WarII,many types of regional INGOs emerged. By the beginning of the 21 st century,INGOs cover almost every type of human activities. INGOs carry out three principal types of activities： they gather, produce, and disseminate mountains of information; they sponsor kinds of meetings; they attempt to influence other actors in the world society. Most well-known INGOs focus on the environment,human rights,development issues,etc.,but these sectors constitute only a small portion of the INGO population. With the increased attention to civil society,INGOs as the spokespersons play an important role in global governance, even a dominant role in many social issues. In the global governance processes, INGO relationships with states, IGOs and transnational corporations have become dense and complex.