潮汕善堂的民间信仰、慈善事业与信仰经济——以汕头市XY善堂三元运作模式为例

The Folk Beliefs,Charity Cause,and Belief Economy of Chaoshan Charitable Temples:the Triple-agent Model of Shantou XY Charitable Temple’s Operation as an Example

潮汕善堂运作的三元模式,其特色在于慈善事业、民间信仰与信仰经济之间的互动关系。首先,包括大峰祖师信仰及相关宗教观念在内的民间信仰,能激发信众的行善动机,促使他们参与慈善事业。信众的行善动机多为＂自利型宗教行善＂与＂利他-自利型宗教行善＂。其次,慈善事业反过来,也会＂婉饰＂与＂合法化＂民间信仰。汕头市XY善堂对外强调其慈善事业以及民间信仰的慈善意义,一方面可以婉饰民间信仰的宗教意义,另一方面也维护了自身的合法性。最后,信仰经济的发展,为慈善事业提供了运营经费。信仰经济由善堂经济、神道经济与民俗经济组成,它们均有重要的民间信仰因素。此外,民俗服务收入也是XY善堂收入的一大特点,从中可看到善堂经营的＂宗教治理＂策略。

The article proposes the triple-agent model of Chaoshan charitable temples＇ operation,and its features lies in the interactive relationship between charity cause and folk beliefs and belief economy. Firstly,folk beliefs provide motives for participation in charity cause,including belief in Master Dafeng and other relevant religious beliefs such as Buddhist karma and samsara and social welfare,and folk belief like doing merits and saving disasters for returns. The motives of believers are mostly self-interested or altruistic and self-interested. Secondly,charity cause conceals and legitimizes folk beliefs. XY Charity Temple highlights to the outside world its charity cause and the charity meaning of its folk beliefs to conceal the religious meaning of its folk beliefs and to maintain its legitimacy. Finally, the belief economy provides operating funds for charity cause. The belief economy is composed ofthe charity temple economy,the deity economy and folklore service economy,and they all have important folk belief elements. In addition, the income from folklore service features XY Charity temple＇s revenue,from which the strategy of ＂religious governance＂ of charity temple operation can be observed.