反思、批判和反身性:实现“助人自助”的三种服务逻辑

Reflection,Criticalness and Reflexivity: The Three Strategies to Achieve Social Work’s “helping Others to Help Themselves”

＂助人自助＂是社会工作的核心服务理念,也是社会工作之所以能够立足的关键所在,从产生之日起,社会工作就秉持着这样的服务理念。但是从＂助人＂转变成＂自助＂却需要社会工作服务策略的根本转变,从专家式的直接给予转变成服务对象自主意识和能力的培养。这样,如何理解作为培养服务对象自主意识和能力的反思、批判和反身性这三个概念就成为实现社会工作＂助人自助＂的核心,然而这三个概念缺乏清晰统一的界定,常常相互混淆。针对这一问题,本研究采用文献研究的方式开展探索,通过对已有研究文献的回顾、分析和比较,梳理了反思、批判和反身性这三个概念的基本内涵、理论基础和体现的服务策略。研究发现,这三个概念都关注个人对自己生活经验的主动审视,只不过,反思是强调站在＂客观＂的立场上对自身日常生活经验的总结和当下情境的检视,批判是注重从文化角度出发对自身日常生活中的权利关系的分析和原有知识假设的质疑,而反身性则是从社会差异假设出发对自身所处的社会位置的确认和动态关联中的文化历史脉络因素的理解。对这三个概念的清晰梳理有利于社会工作＂助人自助＂服务理念的实现,以及中国本土社会工作的专业化和职业化发展。

"Help others to help themselves"is the core value of social w ork profession,different from the traditional w ay of helping. From its beginning,social w ork literature has been in debate around the concepts of reflection,critical and reflexivity in congruence w ith its value. T his article aims to analyze the meanings of the reflection,critical and reflexivity through literature review in order to find out the w ays for self-help in social w ork practice. T he findings include:( 1) the reflection is concerned w ith looking into the personal experience and increase the personal capacity for self-help in daily life;( 2) the criticalness is about looking critically at the dynamic at both the personal pow er level and the social structural level in order to strengthen the personal capacity for self-help in social and cultural context;( 3) reflexivity is more concerned w ith turning back to one’s social position and sharpen the personal capacity for self-help in the process of localization.