创业者异质性胜任特征与创业政策供给——基于胜任力理论

The Relationship between Entrepreneurs' Heterogeneous Competency and Entrepreneurial Policy Supply——Based on Competency Theory

以供需匹配为指导思想,基于胜任力理论,解析创业者类型及其异质性胜任特征,挖掘创业者异质性创业政策需求;借鉴创业MOS模型,构建异质性创业政策供给框架。结果表明:(1)创业者可分为生存推动型、机会拉动型和创新驱动型3种类型。其中,生存推动型创业者创业行为呈现创业被动性、风险规避性等特征,其认知胜任力和职能胜任力较强,机会拉动型创业者创业行为呈现机会警觉性、资本积累性等特征,其认知胜任力和社会胜任力较强,创新驱动型创业者创业行为呈现创新变革性、资源撬动性等特征,其认知胜任力和心理胜任力较强;(2)创业政策供给通过动机激发、机会增加和技能培育提升创业者创业胜任力,有助于创业者创业机会识别和创业资源整合以及创业者创业绩效提升;(3)鉴于创业者创业胜任特征和创业政策需求差异,政府应实施异质性创业政策供给,侧重生存推动型创业者动机激发和机会增加,关注机会拉动型创业者动机强化和技能培育,注重创新驱动型创业者技能提升和机会增加。

By drawing on the MOS model,the paper explores the influential mechanism of entrepreneurship policy supply on entrepreneurial competency,and constructs a heterogeneous framework of entrepreneurship policy supply.Research shows that：（1） Entrepreneurs can be divided into three types：Necessity-driven,Opportunity-driven and Innovation-driven,among which necessity-driven entrepreneurs are characterized with passivity,risk avoidance and wealth-chasing.And they have the advantage of cognitive competency and functional competency.Opportunity-driven entrepreneurs are characterized with opportunity-searching,capital accumulation and etc.,and they have stronger cognitive competency and social competency.Innovation-driven entrepreneurs are characterized with innovation reform,resource-prizing and etc.,and they are equipped with better cognitive competency and psychological competency;（2）By stimulating motivations,increasing opportunities and improving skills,entrepreneurship policy supply can enhance the entrepreneurial competency,which contributes to the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities and integration of entrepreneurial resources.Thus it will help entrepreneurs to improve entrepreneurial performance;（3）In view of the discrepancies among entrepreneurial competency and entrepreneurial policy needs of various entrepreneurs,the government should implement heterogeneous entrepreneurship policy supply.For necessity-driven entrepreneurs,this paper suggests that government emphasize on the entrepreneurial policy of motivation-stimulating and opportunity-increasing.At the same time,government should stress the entrepreneurial policy of motivation-promoting and skills-developing for opportunity-driven entrepreneurs.Furthermore,government should pay attention to the entrepreneurial policy of skills-improving and opportunity-raising for innovation-driven entrepreneurs.