自然准则:狄德罗与文类理论传统的重建

Natural law: Diderot and His Reconstruction of the Genre Theory Tradition

狄德罗以哲学上的自然观为指导,建立了以自然为最高审美准则的文类理论体系。他认为简单剧本优于复杂剧本,肯定戏剧创作"三一律";以悲剧和喜剧为界标规划戏剧类型体系图;崇尚"严肃戏剧",贬抑传统的"悲喜混杂剧",以古反古的策略削减了反古的力度;对大量文类法则传统的集中性评论,凸显出反思与重建文类理论传统的理论品格。狄德罗把从古希腊、古罗马到新古典主义时期整个文类理论传统皆视作"古",这种对象上的囊括性为"启蒙"奠定必要的物质基础。狄德罗天才观的两面性为其文类理论体系的危机埋下伏笔,预示着未来文类理论重建工作将面临新考验。

Guided by the philosophical view of nature, Diderot expounds and establishes the theory system of genre with nature as the highest aesthetic criterion. He insists the simple script was better than the complex one, and approves "Three Unities" in drama creation. Besides, he plans the drama genre system diagram by taking tragedy and comedy as the norm, advocates "serious drama" and depreciated the traditional "tragicomedy". All of above strategies of ancient anti-ancient reduce the strength of anti-ancient strategy. The concentrated commentary on a large number of traditional genre laws highlights the theoretical character of reflection and reconstruction to genre theory tradition. Diderot regards the whole literary theory tradition from the ancient Greece and Rome to the Neoclassical period as "ancient", and the coverage of such objects laid the necessary material foundation for "Enlightenment". The dilemma of Diderot's genius view ambushes the crisis of his genre theory system and indicates a new test for the reconstruction of genre theory in the future.