中央与地方关系视野下的五代十国禁榷制度

Monopoly on the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms From the Perspective of Central and Local Governments

五代十国时期禁榷制度向官专卖的趋势发展,表现为榷盐出现官府坐铺自粜以及俵配、博征的现象,榷茶中官卖与通商并存,官专卖份额加大;对生产要素进行官专卖的榷曲则成为榷酒的主要形式。这一趋势是五代十国中央与地方关系调整的结果,州县开始参与甚至主导禁榷,进而通过行政权力推进官专卖。但这也衍生了机构成本加大、强制交易、榷法严酷、地方借机丰财自擅等诸问题,凸显了官专卖的弊端。五代十国禁榷制度遗存问题的最终消解经历了长期过程。北宋末年在盐、茶领域才逐步走出官专卖和地方州县分享榷利的制度窠臼,而榷酒直到元朝至元二十七年改官榷为散办后方得以实现。

Monopolies had been controlled by government in the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The specific performance had included selling out in shops,Biaopei（ 俵配） and Bozheng（ 博征） on the salt monopoly; the proportion of government monopoly had enlarged with trading on the tea monopoly; the wine monopoly directed to fermentation material and it belongs to the monopoly of productive factors. The trend comes from change of central and local governments in the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Local governments began to attend or lead monopolies and promote them by administration. But it caused the problem of increased institutional costs,compulsory transactions,severe monopolies,favorable for local finance and show the abuse of government monopolies. Remaining problems of monopoly from Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms has vanished through a long process. The monopoly of salt and sea did not share in profits with local governments in the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. The wine monopoly had eliminated effects by the means of retail sale Zhiyuan in the 27 th year in the Yuan Dynasty.