萨拉菲主义在撒哈拉以南非洲的传播、极端化及其影响

Salafism in Sub-Saharan Africa:Diffusion,Radicalization and Impacts

萨拉菲主义在撒哈拉以南非洲的早期传播带有浓厚的经院特点,传播的力度与广度相对有限。穆拉比特运动、穆瓦希德运动以及"富拉尼圣战"为19世纪萨拉菲主义向撒哈拉以南非洲的传播奠定了思想基础。20世纪70年代以来,萨拉菲主义在撒哈拉以南非洲的传播手段日益多元化。其中,极端化的萨拉菲主义以"圣战"分子为传播载体渗透至撒哈拉及其周边地区,不仅冲击了撒哈拉以南非洲以苏菲主义为主流的宗教格局,而且在瓦解撒哈拉以南非洲国家体制的同时,消耗了撒哈拉以南非洲的人口红利。某些宣扬萨拉菲主义的极端组织在辖区内进行社会控制,灌输超越国界的"乌玛"与"哈里发国家"理念,对当前撒哈拉以南非洲本已困难重重的民族国家建构构成了挑战。

The three movements,Murabit,Muwahhid and Fulani Jihad,have laid ideological foundation for Salafism's spread in Sub-Saharan Africa. The spread of Salafism in early stage was with the strong characteristics of Scholasticism,and the strength and breadth then were limited. However,since the 1970 s,the means of the spread of Salafism in Sub-Saharan Africa have become increasingly diversified. In this period,with the propagation carrier of Jihadists,the radical Salafism has been infiltrated in the Sahel region and surrounding areas,which has not only undermined the religious pattern with the Sufism as the mainstream in Sub-Saharan Africa, but also consumed the of demographic dividend in Sub-Saharan Africa when it dismantling the national mechanism in the region.Most of all,the social control which created by some radical organizations,with the propaganda of the ideas "Ummah"and "Caliphate",have challenged the nation-state construction in Sub-Saharan Africa where the difficulties have already existed.