清代选官之正途、异途述略

Summarization of Regular Route and Irregular Route among the Official Selection System of Qing Dynasty

清代职官划分正途、异途出身,期冀在多途径、多类别的铨选渠道中,以读书明圣贤义理的正途引领士风、官风与民风,安定社会、维护与巩固皇权。历代清帝为此相继采取诸多措施疏通正途、控制异途。惟因清代铨选多途并进、满汉复职的特点,导致"首重正途"即使在被誉为盛世的康、雍、乾三代都困难重重。嘉、道以降,随着应变局破格用人突破旧制,异途与正途此升彼降、交错缠绕,咸同光宣四朝候补候选官员大量壅积,素质低下成为吏治痼疾。甲午战后,西方分科之学逐渐成为正统,学堂取代科举成为新正途,选任官员时重视其专门知识和技能,与传统选官规则迥异,并影响此后百年中国的历史。

The official origin in Qing dynasty was divided into two ways, Regular route who selected from civil servicee xamination and irregular route who selected by other ways. During the multi-approach and multi-kind selection system,the government wants regular route, which work on reading and understand the philosophy of Saint, can lead the ethos of society, office and people, as well as maintain the social order and imperial authority. Every emperors of Qing have taken many steps to make Regular route working well and control the Irregular route. Because of Qing dynasty's official selection system use multi-approach and one position divided by Han people and Man people, it made the work of regular route very difficult, even in the flourishing age of Kang, Yong, Qian. After Jiaqing and Daoguang period Qing government was facing new situation needs much more talents and in this circumstance the selection system has been gradually changed. From Xianfeng to Xuantong period there were too many officials were in the waiting list, the officials' capabilities to be a big problem. After the Sino-Japanese War, the status of western system was rising and school replace the civil service examination, in this situation traditional way has been given and government pay much attention to the professional knowledge.