公共权利与公共义务的结合——论中世纪英国村庄共同体的形成

The Combination of Common Rights and Common Obligations Study on the Formation of Village Community in England

村庄共同体是中世纪英国乡村社会重要的基层组织,它的形成与发展对英国社会产生了深远的影响。英国的村庄共同体是在古代村落的基础上,既保留了古代社会中农牧混合的经济模式,同时又融入了中世纪敞田制下的条田制等新元素发展起来的;随着敞田制村庄的形成,以王权为代表的国家又赋予了村庄一定的社会职责,从而使得中世纪的村庄成为了权利与义务相统一的共同体组织。村庄共同体的形成不仅奠定了英国地方自治的基础,而且还创造了中世纪乡村社会"私有共享"的混合所有制形式,为中世纪较为孱弱的个体权利提供了一定的保护。

The village community is an important grass-roots organization in the rural society of the medieval England. Its formation and development have a profound influence on the British society. In Medieval England village community is based on the ancient villages, not only retains the ancient society of agricultural mixed economic model, at the same time into the strip of the open field system. Along with the formation of the open field system of village, countries represented by royalty endows the village villages social responsibilities, so as to make the medieval became the unity of rights and obligations of community organizations. The formation of the village community not only laid the foundation of British local autonomy, but also created a mixed ＂private ownership but sharing together＂ forms in medieval village, and provide some protection for individual rights is relatively weak in the middle ages.