合同法任意性规范的立法反思与完善路径——兼议民法典合同编的相关规范设计

On Law-Making of Non-Mandatory Norms of Chinese Contract Law: Discussions about the Related Normative Design of the Compilation of Contract Law under the Civil Code

任意性规范是民事法律规范的重要组成部分,也是民事主体从事法律行为的重要依据。不论是大陆法系还是英美法系都存在相关的概念,但如何在诸多规范类型中厘定明晰的区分标准仍是我国合同法上的难题。随着理论的发展以及实务纠纷的增多,任意性规范在识别、适用以及立法设计等方面存在的问题越来越突出,集中表现为缺少明确的识别标准,与补充性解释之间的适用规则不清,缺少规范设计的法经济学考量以及在一定程度上具有滞后性。任意性规范在立法技术上的不足不仅会降低私主体的活动效率,还会对司法实践造成不良影响。因此,在反思我国现行合同法任意性规范的基础上,提出颇具时代特色的民法典合同编的相关规范设计构想,具有现实意义。

Non-mandatory norms are an important and integral part of civil legal norms, and a crucial basis for judicial acts. There are similar norms in both the Civil Law System and Common Law System. How to clarify the criteria for distinguishing among the many normative types has become a difficult problem for the two major legal systems. Likewise, for contemporary scholars and legal practitioners, the identification and legal application, as well as legislative design, of non-mandatory norms in China present many problems. The lack of legislative technology reduces civil subjects' efficiency in civil activities, which also has a negative effect on judicial practice. Therefore, on the basis of reviewing the current non-mandatory norms of Chinese contract law, it is practically significant for contract law scholars to propose up-to-date legislative ways to compile contract law under the Civil Code.