捷克水库大坝、水电工程管理及对我国的启示

Investigation on management of hydro-projects in Czech Republic and comparison with China

捷克是欧洲共体国家,其水库大坝安全管理、水电发展、国际河流管理具有一定的代表性和参照性。基于在捷克召开的2017年国际大坝委员会年度会议资料,系统梳理了捷克水库大坝及水电工程发展的历史和现状,重点对比分析了该国与我国各种资源发电占比、水电技术开发度、坝型分布、不同年代建坝数量、水库大坝安全管理和国际河流管理。分析表明,我国水电开发度与我国经济社会发展水平是协调的,水库大坝建设中土石坝占比太大,大坝安全管理中需要更加重视下游居民的安全保护,国际河流管理中下泄水量不一定非要达到60%以上。基于分析,对我国水库大坝安全管理和国际河流管理提出了合理建议。

The Czech Republic is a European country. Management and development of its water dams and hydropower, especially the dams on shared rivers, is very important for us to do a comparative study. Based on the papers of the International Commission on Large Dams（ICOLD） Annual Meeting, Czech, 2017, this paper reviews the history and present situation of hydropower development in this country, focusing on a comparison of development level, dam type, dam safety management, and shared river management between Czech and China. We come to the conclusions：（1） The hydropower development level in China is suitable for the social-economic development.（2） The proportion of earth and rockfill dams in China is too high.（3） In dam safety management, much more attention should be paid to the safety and protection of the residents downstream of the dams.（4） In the management of shared rivers, water volume discharged from a dam could be less than 60% of the river runoff. Helpful suggestions are made for the management of Chinese dams and shared rivers.