民事诉讼管辖利益保护论——评最高人民法院指导案例56号

The Theory of Protection of Interests in the Jurisdiction of Civil Litigation

最高人民法院发布的指导案例56号确认的管辖抗辩集中提出规则,有助于提高诉讼效率,维护程序安定,抑制被告滥用管辖异议权。同时,该案强调的管辖异议绝对失权(强制失权)制度,由于关系到当事人特别是被告程序利益的保护,其适用必须要考虑当事人的自我归责性,及怠于提出异议行为与失权结果之间的因果关系,并辅以合理的管辖异议期间,使管辖异议失权相对缓和。必要共同诉讼中,诉讼的同一性与共同被告管辖利益之间存在着冲突,采行"共同管辖优先"原则兼采指定管辖原则,有助于两者之间冲突的解决。在民事诉讼法时间效力上,宜区分民诉法的"立即效力"与溯及力之间的差别,采"从旧兼有利"原则能够保障程序法适用的公平性与一致性,增加当事人对诉讼结果的预期及对诉讼制度的信赖。

The Guiding Case No. 56 issued by the Supreme People＇ s Court confirmed the principle of jurisdiction plea defense put forward intensively to help improve the efficiency of lawsuits, maintain the stability of procedures, and restrain the defendants from abusing the right of jurisdiction. At the same time, the absolute loss of rights （ compulsory loss of rights） on the jurisdictional defense empha- sized in the case has a bearing on the protection of the interests of the parties, especially those of the de- fendants, its application must take into account the parties＇ self - accountability, and the causal rela- tionship between the parties delayed in exercising rights and the loss of rights, and be supplemented by a reasonable jurisdictional defense period to make the loss of rights on the jurisdictional defense moder- ate relatively. In the necessary joint lawsuit, there is a conflict between the identity of the lawsuit and the common defendant＇ s jurisdictional interests. Adopting the principle of ＂common jurisdiction priori- ty＂ and the principle of designated jurisdiction will be helpful to solve above conflict. In the temporal validity of the civil procedure law, it is necessary to distinguish the difference between the ＂immediate effect＂ of the Civil Procedure Law and the retroactive force. The ＂consistent with the old and benefi- cial＂ principle can ensure the fairness and consistency of the application of the procedural law and in- crease the exoectation of litigation results and trust in the litigation system.