国库与古代埃及国家垄断经济的形成

The National Treasury and the Formation of the Monopoly Economy of the Ancient Egypt

古代埃及的国家垄断经济主要由采矿业垄断和对外贸易垄断构成,国库是对国家垄断经济进行有效管理的机构。为了对国家垄断经济进行管理,埃及在中央和地方都设有国库。国库对国家垄断经济的管理有两个彼此独立的程序:一个是物品获取程序,由神之国库监管者负责;另一个是物品分发程序,由国库高级监管者和宰相一起完成。此外,国库自身也需要进行管理,而负责对国库自身进行管理的则是国库监管者。国家垄断经济是古代埃及以再分配体系为基本表现的国有制经济的集中表现,同时也是其必然的产物。

The monopoly economy of ancient Egypt was mainly composed of mining industry and foreign trade.The Treasury is an effective institution for the monopoly economy.In order to manage the monopoly economy,Egypt has a treasury in both the central and local areas.The Treasury has two independent procedures for the management of the monopoly economy：one is the item acquisition procedure,which is supervised by the Treasury supervisor of God;the other is the item distribution procedure,which is completed by the high Treasury supervisor and the vizier.In addition,the Treasury itself needs to be managed,for which the high Treasury supervisor is responsible.The monopoly economy is the concentrated expression of the state owned economy which is the basic expression of the redistribution system in ancient Egypt,and it is also the inevitable product of the economy.