家蚕的起源与进化研究进展

Research Advances in Origin and Evolution of Domestic Silkworm

家蚕（Bombyx mori）的驯化是农业历史上的重大事件之一,中国的养蚕业已有近7 000年的历史。关于家蚕的起源与进化不仅是蚕丝文化和蚕业发展历史溯源研究的焦点,也一直是蚕学界关注的基础科学问题,研究的核心是家蚕的直接野生祖先来源和起源地（驯化事件的发生地）。家蚕的野生祖先是野桑蚕（Bombyx mandarina）为学界早期的共识。近20多年又从染色体水平和DNA序列水平进一步证实了家蚕的野生祖先是中国野桑蚕,而不是日本野桑蚕,家蚕起源于中国野桑蚕的观点在学界也达成了共识。但是,家蚕的起源地仍存在单起源中心（在中国北方的某个地区驯化而来）和多起源中心（在华北、华东、华南,以及印度和越南等不同地区独立驯化而来）的争论,澄源正本尚缺乏遗传学证据。本文综述应用分子生物学技术研究家蚕起源与进化的重要进展,根据动物起源与进化研究的最新方法,提出了基于线粒体基因组扫描和大样本策略的家蚕起源与进化研究设想。

The domestication of domestic silkworm（ Bombyx mori） is one of the greatest events in agricultural history.Silkworm rearing in China has a history of nearly 7 000 years. The origin and evolution of domestic silkworm is the focus of trace studies for silk culture and industrial development history. It has long been a basic science problem concerned by scholars of sericulture as well. The direct wild ancestor and geographic origin（ domestication area） are the key scientific issues on origin and evolution of domestic silkworm. The wild ancestor of domestic silkworm is the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina,which is a common view reached in academia at early time. Genetic studies at chromosomal and molecular levels in recent 20 years have further confirmed that the wild progenitor of domestic silkworm is the Chinese B. mandarina,rather than Japanese B. mandarina. That the domestic silkworm was originated from Chinese B. mandarina has also been a common view in academia. However,whether the domestic silkworm was orginated from a single domestication site（ one area in north of China） or from multiple domestication sites（ Northern China,Eastern China,Southern China,areas in India and Vietnam） remains an unsettled issue. Both viewpoints lack the genetic evidences. This paper reviews the important research advances on the origin and evolution of domestic silkworm at molecular level. According to the latest methodology for studying origin and evolution of animals,we present a strategy for studying origin and evolution of domestic silkworm based on mitochondrial genome scanning and large-scale sample analysis.