差序格局、公共情感与生存实践——对与现代公共交往相契合的道德情感的社会学分析

Difference-Order Pattern,Public Sentiments and Existence Practice

差序格局既是当下中国在社会转型期必须面对的、既存的社会事实,也是中国社会走向成熟的现代文明必须加以理解和超越的障碍性要素。差序格局在传统社会交往中的必然体现出道德情感的差序格局。人与人之间的道德情感也随之呈现封闭性、私人性、排外性的特征。在现代社会,以血缘、地缘等为基础形成的自然形式的道德情感已经失去生存的土壤,迫切需要一种与公共化、开放性、理性化为特征的生存样式相契合的情感形式——公共情感。它是人们在高度发达的市场经济状态之下,在高度的自由自主的基础之上,越出个体的狭隘性、私利性,走向社会公共空间,进行公共合作所展现出的合作性、互惠性、利他性的情感形式。道德情感在生存实践中得以生成、展现。正是生存实践赋予人的自然意义上的情绪、意志、欲望、性情以道德内涵与道德意义,体现出应有的社会性品质,为道德情感的社会运用提供担保。现代公共实践让每个参与社会合作的人在情感状态下,可以越出个体狭隘、自私,关心他人,走进他人的情感世界,与他人发生情感互通。

The difference-order pattern is not only the social fact of the transitional period of China,but also an obstacle that needs to be overcome if the Chinese society transit itself to a mature modern civilization. The difference-order pattern in the traditional social communication shows a difference-order of moral sentiment. As a result,moral sentiments were exclusive and private. However,in modern society,natural moral sentiments based on blood relationship is dissolved.So we need a new form of sentiment that is rational and public： the public emotion. It can transcend the individual interests to the public space to show sentiments such as co-operation,mutual benefaction and such. Public practice will help people in social cooperation to communicate with each other emotionally.