精神性与关注自我——美德伦理视域下的福柯伦理学

Spirituality and Care of Self——Investigation of Foucault's Ethics Through Virtue Ethics

福柯的伦理学转向是福柯研究中的难点。近年来,对此问题的众多讨论中,出现了一种看似颇具新意和说服力观点:福柯的伦理学与美德伦理不约而同地分享了同样的道德理念,即反对规范化、强调个人德性。然而,通过分析福柯对亚里士多德哲学的评价及其对希腊哲学的分期讨论,可以看出二者存在着较大差异。虽然二者都反对规范化与法律化的伦理,但福柯对"精神性"这个概念的重视及其对亚里士多德哲学缺乏"精神性"的批评,侧面体现了他与美德伦理学的区分。在福柯看来,主体化这一过程的重要性远远大于固定的德性条目,因而对规范性的反感超出了美德伦理学能够承受的界限。

Foucault＇s turning to ethics is always a crucial and difficult event for Foucault studies. Among various understandings,associating Foucault＇s ethics with virtue ethics,believing that they are coincidence in stressing the importance of virtue and against normalization,seems to be an interesting and reasonable insight. This essay,following this approach,by means of analyzing Foucault＇s division of ancient Greek＇s philosophy and his evaluations of Aristotle＇s philosophy,intends to inspect this association. This essay tries to show that,although both Foucault and virtue ethicists are unanimously against normalized and legalized ethics,Foucault＇s concept of＂spirituality＂and his criticizes of Aristotle distinguish these two kinds of ethics. In Foucault＇s ethics,the importance of process of＂subjectivation＂surpasses the concrete virtues. Further,Foucault＇s dislike of normalization excesses the extent of what virtue ethics can bear.