从“任运自然”到“狂者胸次”:论儒家哲学中的两种“乐”

On Two Kinds of Happiness of Confucian Philosophy

儒学被视为一种以追求现实快乐的体验为特征的"乐感文化",但学界在处理阳明心学的"乐"上存在着严重误读。事实上,儒家哲学中存在着"孔颜之乐"与"心学之乐"两种乐的形态。"孔颜之乐"以自然的现实存在为基础,充满对现实生活的一种舒适自得之感,不包含任何超越性。"心学之乐"以本心为超越的精神本体,并推崇否定现实的"狂者"境界,因而是一种绝对自由的心性之乐。这种差异的背后隐含着现实性与超现实性之间的张力,其直接原因在于阳明对佛老之学的吸收并将主体规定为一种超现实存在。

Confucianism was regarded as optimistic culture which based on the experience of pursues realistic happiness,but academic circles exists serious misunderstanding when dealing with the Happiness of Yangming＇s Philosophy of Mind.In fact,Confucian Philosophy has two kinds of Happiness which are ＂Confucius and Yanhui＇s Happiness＂and ＂Mind＇s Happiness＂.The former was based on the nature of reality,which was fulled of comfortable Feeling towards the real life and lacked of any transcendence. The latter treated the Mind as transcendental spiritual noumenon,and praise highly on the crazy state with real negation,so it was a kind of happiness of absolute freedom. The difference between them has the tension of reality and super-reality,this because of Yangming assimilated the knowledge of Buddhism and Taoism,then stipulated the subject as a kind of surreal existence.