科尔顿论苏联军政关系理论和军政关系走向

Timothy J. Colton on Civil-Military Relations and Soviet Development

科尔顿教授认为,关注军事组织的特点,或聚焦在政治体系层面上结构性和文化性的变量上,都无法彻底地研究苏联的军政关系。他提出,要仔细分析军事机构与政治体系及其统治者之间的关系,并且要更多地关注与军官利益有关的公共政策。在此基础上,他在20世纪70年代末提出对之后苏联军政关系发展的预判,他认为,军队不会,也不可能提供一套政治秩序替代既存的政治秩序,因为其本身就是既存政治秩序的一部分。

For a long time,people feel puzzled on Egyptian actions before the third Middle East war and their poor performance in the war. Most of the existing explanations hold the military regime of Nasser as an internal unity,they play down the differences between the military and government in Egypt,and ignore a power struggle between President Nasser and Commander in Chief Amin. Since 1961,there has been deep dissatisfaction between Nasser and Amin, those tensions and disagreements manifested in three areas： military regime,corporate issues and security strategy. In order to strengthen the control of the army and personal power,Amin selectively delivers information to Nasser,deliberately ignores strategic coordination with the government,refuses to implement certain decisions made by Nasser,these provokes Israel to launch a war. Civil-Military division caused some army officers with low competitiveness,ill-prepareness for war, and poor performance in the war, reducing the military effectiveness and leading to the catastrophic defeat.