清代河南借贷行为初探

The Study of the Loan in Henan Province during Qing Dynasty

借贷行为在中国历史悠久，其主要分为借款和放贷两大部分。清代以来，河南地区的借贷行为发展较快，其中又以城镇的机构性借贷和乡村的非机构性借贷为主要实现途径。城镇的机构性借贷的主体是典当业，大多为晋商控制，受水陆交通影响较大，对城镇商业有重要作用。乡村中的非机构性借贷则主要分为信用、担保和抵押，并通过建立契约、中人监督的形式得以实现。洛阳地区出土的借据文书，为研究清代河南民间非机构性借贷提供了便利条件。

The loan had a long history in the whole Chinese history,which was divided into two major parts. Since the Qing Dynasty,the lending behavior in Henan province had developed rapidly,of which the institutional lending in urban areas and the non-institutional loan in rural areas were the main ways to achieve this. The main body of urban loans was the paw nindustry,which was mostly controlled by Shan’xi merchants. It was greatly affected by inland shipping and land transport,and it played an important role in urban commercial activities. T he non-institutional loans in rural areas were mainly divided into credit,guarantee and mortgage,and they could be established through the establishment of contracts and supervision by brokers. The contract instruments which was found around Luoyang,could make certain use of study,for the non-governmental private loans in Henan province during the Qing Dynasty.