“鸢飞鱼跃”与中国诗学中的审美理性

“Kite-Flying and Fish-Jumping” and Aesthetic Rationality in Chinese Poetics

"鸢飞鱼跃"典出于《诗经》,却在中国思想史的发展中,成为一个非常突出的象喻,表征着自由、自然、自得的状态,且成为儒家仁学的核心观念。作为中国哲学的一个重要的象喻,"鸢飞鱼跃"本身就有着丰富的审美蕴含。一是"鸢飞鱼跃"即是宋代哲学中"万物一体"的仁学思想的组成部分,后者是其所表征的渊深内涵,前者则是后者的形象呈现。二是"鸢飞鱼跃"也寓含着"物我兼体"的观念,在审美方面,就具有了主体间性的特征。三是"鸢飞鱼跃"以天地为背景,使人有了强烈的空间感。"诗中之理"指的是诗歌创作中那种区别于"经生之理""名言之理"的审美理性,更不是逻辑思维的概念判断推理方式,所得也非抽象的观念。"经生之理""名言之理"在诗中是一种先入为主的观念植入,而"诗中之理",则是诗人在当下的审美感兴中生发的、对社会、人生和自然的规律的独特认识,与审美殊相相伴。"诗中之理"是诗人在活泼泼地审美情境中所获得的,"鸢飞鱼跃"与之有着深刻的内在联系。

＂Kite-flying and fish-jumping＂ （鸢飞鱼跃） alluded from The Book of Songs （《诗经》）, became a very prominent metaphor in the development of Chinese ideological history, which was the characterization of a free, natural and relaxed state, and served as the core idea of Confucian theory of benevolence （仁学）. As an important metaphor of Chinese philosophy, there was a rich aesthetic implication in ＂ kite-flying and fish- jumping＂ itself. Firstly, ＂kite-flying and fish-jumping＂ was a component part of the benevolence thought of ＂all in one＂ （万物一体） in the philosophy of the Song Dynasty, with the latter as the characterization of its deep connotation, and with the former as the vivid presentation of the latter. Secondly, there was an idea of ＂object and subject as one＂ （物我兼体） contained in ＂ kite-flying and fish-jumping＂, which had the characteristics of inter-subjectivity in terms of aesthetics. Thirdly, ＂kite-flying and fish-jumping＂ took heaven and earth as its background, and provided a strong sense of space. ＂Poetic rationality＂ （诗中之理） referred to the aesthetic rationality which was different from ＂rationality of life＂ （经生之理） and ＂rationality of well- known sayings＂ （ 名言之理） in poetic creation, which was more than the way of conceptual reasoning in logical thinking, but not abstract ideas. ＂ Rationality of life＂ and ＂ rationality of well-known saying＂ were preconceived ideas implanted in poems, while ＂ poetic rationality＂ mentioned in this article occurred in a poet＇ s aesthetic sense of stimulation by association （ 兴）, and it was the poet＇ s unique understanding of the laws of society, life and nature, combined with the aesthetic contrast. ＂Poetic rationality＂ was a poet＇s experience in a lively aesthetic situation, and it had a deep inner connection with ＂ kite-flying and fish- jumping＂.