19世纪后期旧金山华人的反排华抗争——以保护华埠为例

Overseas Chinese in San Francisco Struggling for Anti-Chinese Movement in the Late 19th Century——with the Protection of Chinatown as an Example

自华人移居美国开始,当地白人排斥华人的活动不断发生。随着19世纪70年代美国西部排华氛围的高涨,旧金山华埠逐渐成为排华运动的主要目标。旧金山工人党分别于1876年、1877年发动了对华埠的破坏活动,旧金山政府及加州议会也分别出台了排斥华埠的法令法规。华人面对这些排斥活动进行了不懈的斗争。在会馆组织的领导下防御暴徒的破坏,使华埠避免被毁。在旧金山总领事黄遵宪鼓励下,华人积极抵抗排斥法令,运用法律武器抗争,并取得了胜利,维护了自身利益。在此过程中可以看出19世纪后期华人开始由原来的忍受排斥转变为积极抗争,并寻求清政府外交人员的帮助来保护华埠,心态发生了变化。同时华埠也反映了中美文化的碰撞与融合。

Since the Chinese immigrated to the United States,the local white exclusion from the Chinese has been happening.With the upsurge of excluding Chinese in western in the 1870 s,Chinatown in San Francisco became the main target of the anti-Chinese movement.The San Francisco workers＇ party launched campaigns against Chinatown in 1876 and in 1877.The San Francisco government and the California legislature introduced regulations that excluded Chinatown.Overseas Chinese struggled against these repulsive activities.Under the leadership of the Assembly Hall against the violent workers,they prevented the Chinatown from being destroyed.Under the encouragement of Huang Zunxian who was the consul general in San Francisco,the overseas Chinese actively resisted the exclusion decree.By using legal weapons to fight,they achieved victory to safeguard their own interests.In the process of struggle,it can be seen that in the late 19 th century,overseas Chinese began to change from tolerance to active resistance,and seek the help of Qing government diplomats to protect Chinatown.Chinatown also reflects the collision and integration of culture between China and the United States.