周公庙遗址陵坡墓地及相关问题

A Study of the Lingpo Cemetery at Zhaogongmiao Site and Related Issues

陵坡墓地是目前发现的西周时期最高等级的墓葬群,备受学界关注。关于墓地的性质,以往学界形成了几种不同的观点,相持不下。本文立足于全新的考古资料,阐明墓地位置与选址特点,重点分析和讨论了墓地的布局与年代及商周时期"四条墓道"大墓的等级制度。认为墓地墓位是按照"自上而下,大墓居中"的原则来安排的;起始年代可能为西周早中期之际,废弃于西周晚期;商周时期四条墓道是王墓的常制、规制,其他贵族不能随意轻易设置,但或因某种原因可以获赐配享,不过形制和王墓墓道有别,据此排除了陵坡墓地"王陵说"的可能。最后从墓地形态、墓葬等级与葬俗特征方面,结合墓地地望与文献记载,判断墓地为"周公家族墓地",而非其他。

The discovery of Lingpo cemetery unveils the highest rank of the Western Zhou dynasty tombs found so far, which has drawn much attention from the academic circle. There have been several different opinions regarding the nature of this cemetery, yet no consensus is reached. Based on recently discovered archaeological materials, this article explains the location of the cemetery and its selection, and studies the layout and date of the cemetery as well as the hierarchical system of ＂tombs with cruciform entry ramps＇ ＇ of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The current author points out that the distribution principle of those tombs should be ＂along the hillside with large tombs in the center＂; the construction date should be from the early-mid Western Zhou to the late Western Zhou. The cruciform structure of four ramps was usually applied only in kings＇ tombs in the Shang and Zhou dynasties; in a few exceptional cases some aristocratic tombs might be granted with this privilege, but the layout was different from that of the kings. Therefore, Lingpo cemetery is unlikely to be the cemetery for kings; considering the layout, location, hierarchy of tombs and the burial convention as well as records in literature, the author suggests it should be the cemetery for the family of the Duke of Zhou.