“诗可以怨”:借以“观风俗,知得失”——论中国口头歌谣的“载道”传统及其“诗学”特征

Folk Rhyme Can Convey One's Grumbling:To Find out Social Customs And Gains And Losses in Powers from Folks——On the Confucian “Ethical Education” Tradition of Oral Ballads and Its Characteristics of Poetics

中国自古盛产民谣、歌谣(也称顺口溜),这些民谣反映出民间百姓对当时的政治、民俗和风气变化的评价与态度。虽然民谣来自偏僻乡野,有点不登大雅之堂,而且口头表达显得粗糙肤浅,甚至有点下里巴人、俗不可耐的味道,但这种草根文学的诗性话语却十分鲜活,而且富于生命活力。民谣所继承的古典文学中的诗学韵味,既简洁精炼,又合辙押韵;既幽默风趣,又通俗易懂,值得人文学者关注和研究。首先从歌谣的历史渊源和口耳相传、美刺批判的特点入手,进而借鉴西方"口头诗学"的角度来阐释歌谣的口头传承、采集加工以及形成的语言修辞文本的特点,结合中国古代歌谣"观风知政"、美化风俗以及干预现实的特征来展开论证,从而挖掘歌谣中的"诗言志"和"文以载道"的现实批判精神,进而阐明口头歌谣文学表达的修辞风格与口头诗学的特征。

Since ancient times,China have produced rich folk songs,folk rhyme（also known as jingle）,which reflected common people＇s evaluation and attitude of the political topics,customary change.Although the folks from the remote countryside,are not a little elegant,and their oral expression are rough and superficial,and even with a little vulgar taste,but this kind of discourse from grassroots literary is very fresh and full of vitality.Folk songs which inherited the poetic charm in the classical literature,both concise and refined rhyme;both humorous,and easy to understand,are worthy of humanities scholars to pay attention to study.This paper begins with the historical origins of the folk rhyme and it＇s characteristics of the mild criticism,and then draws on the oral traditions of the folk,acquisition from processing and the text of rhetoric of the language.Then,combining with the characteristics of ancient Chinese folk songs＂to observe the customs to find out the ruling＂,＂to beautify the customs＂and the characteristics of the contemporary folklore intervening in reality,this paper explores the realistic critical spirit of＂the poem to express emotions＂and＂the article to convey ethics＂in Chinese oral ballad.At last the author wants explain clearly the rhetorical style of the literary expression of folks and the characteristics of oral poetics.