新世纪以来德国民众福利态度的变化及其影响因素分析

An Analysis of German Welfare Attitudes Changes in the New Century and its Influencing Factors

新世纪以来,德国社会福利体制一度面临人口老龄化、劳动力成本高、国家债务负担重等诸多挑战,德国政府为此采取了一系列社会福利改革措施,以打破传统社会福利体制的路径依赖。社会福利政策的制定和社会福利体制改革需要得到广大民众的接受和认可。鉴于此,论文主要从德国民众认知视角出发,对新世纪以来民众福利态度的变迁进行分析。分析结果表明,绝大多数德国民众都认为应由政府承担福利责任。医疗、养老和失业保障依然被民众视为政府首要承担的福利责任,但对政府提供失业保障以及就业岗位的支持度相对较低,对提供医疗和养老保障的需求则明显上升。此外,民众对医疗保障的信任度和满意度最高,其次是养老和失业保障,对护理保障则信心不足。另外,德国东西部民众福利态度上的差异依然存在,但已经呈现出趋同迹象。论文运用福利态度解释学说并结合实证数据,说明福利态度的变化主要受总体经济形势、社会福利政策、公正理念、个人自利和社会化因素的影响。

Since the beginning of the 21^(st) Century,the German welfare system has faced many challenges,such as an aging population,high labor costs,and a heavy national debt.The German government has adopted a series of welfare reform measures to break the traditional dependence on the welfare system.However,the formulation and reform of social welfare policies must be accepted and recognized by the general public.In view of this,this article analyzes the changes of welfare attitudes in the new century from the German perspective.The results show that the overwhelming majority of Germans think that the government should be responsible for public welfare.Medical,pension,and unemployment benefits are still regarded as the primary responsibilities of the government.But,support for the provision of unemployment security and employment positions by the government is relatively low,while the demand for medicalandpension securities has increased significantly.Confidence and satisfaction with medical security is the highest,followed by pension and unemployment benefits,but citizens lack confidence in the care provided.In addition,differences in attitudes towards welfare between eastern and western Germany still exist,but there are signs of convergence.Based on the theory of welfare attitudes and the interpretation of data,the changes in welfare attitudes are mainly affected by the overall economic situation,social welfare policy,justice beliefs,individual self-interest,and socialization factors.