低保救助资源的有效分配检验——基于贫困家庭收支水平门槛效应模型的分析

Efficient Allocation Inspection of the Subsistence Security System Resources——Based on the analysis of the threshold model of poor families' income and expenditure

从收入型贫困扩展到支出型贫困,越来越多的贫困家庭被纳入社会救助体系。囿于贫困家庭表现的多元及制度设计的相对滞后,基层救助政策的实施及其资源分配出现了问题。根据福利资源分配的公平性理论视角,运转良好的社会福利救助应该为不同家庭提供差异对等救助,即救助资源应该更多地向收入更少、支出负担较重的贫困家庭倾斜,实现救助资源的精准分配。精准扶贫方略的提出即是对救助对象的精准识别和救助资源的精准分配新要求的回应。新形势下,对救助资源分配的有效性检验成为政策研究和福利效应评估的重要内容。为了对现行低保救助制度资源分配的有效性进行评估检验,本研究使用贫困家庭基本生活状况问卷调查数据,构建多元线性回归模型、门槛效应回归模型进行实证分析。多元线性回归模型结果显示,贫困家庭的收支结构中,家庭工资性收入对低保救助分配金额具有显著地负向影响;家庭基本生活支出、教育医疗支出对低保救助具有显著的正向影响;门槛效应回归模型结果表明,低保救助资源更多地向收入更低的家庭倾斜,但倾斜覆盖的低保家庭比例较低,政策倾斜力度不够,低保救助制度的资源分配远不能满足低收入家庭的基本需求。值得关注的是,低保政策的实施并未对支出较高的家庭给予资源分配上的倾斜。当前低保救助资源分配更多是以收入为主要标准的差额救助,在救助资源分配上对家庭刚性支出的考量仍然不足。在社会救助中应综合考虑贫困家庭的收入和支出,以此为基准,完善低保救助资源分配制度,具体包括:将家庭收入、刚性支出同时纳入审核范畴;将家庭多样化需求与救助资源进行类别匹配,提升各类救助的综合成效;加强救助资源分配的统筹监管和动态评估,促进救助分配制度的改革与完善;促进救助资源的类别创新,开展多维度救助模式,提升救助成效;加强社会救助专业社会工作的发展,打造物质帮扶与专业服务相结合的新型救助模式,提升救助成效。

From income-type poverty to spending-type poverty, more and more poor families are included in the social assistance system. The implementation and the resource allocation based on the assistance policy have many problems because the diversity of poor families and system design cannot cover all the difficulties of reality. According to the theory of equal welfare resource allocation, a good social welfare system should provide different relief for different type of family. The aid resources should be more favorable to the poorer families with less income and heavy expenditure, and realize the precise allocation of aid resources. Targeted poverty alleviation strategy puts forward a new challenge to the precise identification of the object and the precise allocation of the aid resources. Under the new situation, the effectiveness of the allocation of aid resources becomes an important part of policy research and welfare effect evaluation. In order to reflectively test and evaluate the effectiveness of resource allocation, this paper takes advantage of multiple linear regression model and threshold regression model for empirical analysis based on questionnaire survey data of the basic living conditions from poor families. The results of the multiple linear regression model show the wage income and the family living space have significant negative influence on the amount of subsistence allowance and poor families＇ basic living expense, education and health expenditure have significant positive impact on the amount of subsistence allowance. According to the analysis of threshold regression model, the allocation of subsistence security system resources tends to the families with lower income. However, the low proportion of sample coverage and the insufficient policy tilt show the resource allocation of the system is far from meeting the basic needs of low-income families. It is worth to note that there is no inclination to allocate resources to households with higher expenditures. It can be seen that the current balance allocation of the subsistence security system resources is more based on the income as the main standard. It is not enough to consider the weight of family rigid expenditures in the allocation of resources. It argues that income and expenditure should be considered in poor families to improve resource allocation system. Based on this, we will improve the distribution system of subsistence allowance. That is to say, family income and expenditure should be included in the scope of assessment at the same time; the family multiple needs should be matched with the aid resources to improve the comprehensive effectiveness of all kinds of rescues. It is suggested to strengthen the overall supervision and dynamic assessment of the allocation of aid resources and reform and improve the aid distribution system. It is advisable to promote innovation in the category of aid resources and carry out multidimensional assistance mode to improve the effectiveness of the relief system. And it is also suggested to strengthen the development of social work for social assistance and create a new assistance model that combines material assistance and professional service to improve the effectiveness of the relief.