世界一流大湾区高水平大学集群发展研究——以纽约、旧金山、东京三大湾区为例

Cluster Development of High-level Universities in the World's First-Class Bay Areas——Taking New York Bay,Tokyo Bay and San Francisco Bay as an example

纽约、旧金山和东京三大世界一流大湾区以天然的地理区位优势作为空间载体,通过一大批高水平大学集群的强力支撑,构建了较完备的创新体系,打造成了世界级的科技创新集群地,并形成了各具特色的高水平大学"扎堆"聚集现象。纽约大湾区有世界顶尖级大学的"常春藤盟校"集群、湾区周边的"新常春藤"大学集群、湾区及周边"小常春藤"大学集群、州立市立大学组成的公立大学集群以及著名私立大学集群等;旧金山大湾区有世界一流大学集群、国内顶尖级大学集群、大湾区周边的世界一流大学集群、国内著名大学集群以及区域内著名大学集群;东京大湾区有超级国际化大学集群、牵引国际化人才大学集群以及位于东京湾区的高水平大学集群等。世界三大湾区"扎堆"而形成的高水平大学集群已经成为世界一流湾区的重要标志,借助高水平大学和研究机构形成的关系网络资本,进而形成由高水平大学群体、创业企业群体等多个高度相关的群体融合在一起的创业生态系统是世界一流大湾区高水平大学集群发展的趋势。研究表明,世界三大一流湾区的大学集群具有临近聚集性、文化植根性、抱团创新性、结构生态性、创新创业性等特性。世界一流湾区大学集群在结构、组织和功能上存在一定协同互补和制约作用的同时,也存在着在物质、能量、信息等方面辐射、扩散、对流的功能。世界三大一流湾区大学集群的空间联系和与空间传递具有共性之外,更重要的是,三大湾区形成了各自独特的集群发展模式,即纽约湾区形成了"多中心+轴线"式大学集群发展模式;旧金山湾区形成了多中心互补式大学集群发展模式;东京湾区形成了"中心+边陲"式大学集群发展模式。结合世界三大一流湾区高水平大学集群发展的概况、特点与模式,我国粤港澳大湾区要实现一流湾区的战略目标,必须遵循高等教育发展规律,建设世界一流湾区的高水平大学集群高地;优化大学集群治理结构,建构世界一流湾区高等教育生态系统;理顺产学研协同创新机制,建设基于知识链—专业连—产业链的创新集群。

Many high-level universities with various features have clustered and developed together around New York, San Francisco and Tokyo Bays, which are the first class bays in the world, for the natural and geographical location advantages. The relatively complete innovation systems and world-class scientific and technological innovation clusters have been built through the strong support of a large number of high-level university clusters, and the clustering of high-level universities has become an important symbol of the world-class bay areas. The formation of network capital facilitated by high-level universities and research institutions as well as entrepreneurship ecosystem fused together by highly relevant groups, such as high-level university groups and entrepreneurial groups, has become the trend of high-level university cluster development in the world-class bay areas. There is an ivy league cluster consisted of the world＇s top universities in New York Bay Area. Around this Bay Area, the new ivy league university cluster, small ivy league university clusters, public university clusters consisted of state and municipal financially supported universities as well as famous private university clusters stand. In San Francisco Bay Area, the world-class university cluster and the domestic top university cluster stand here, and around this Bay Area, the world-class university clusters, domestic famous university clusters and regional famous university clusters lie here. In and around Tokyo Bay Area, the super international university cluster, international talents attracted university cluster, and high-level university cluster stand here. This research shows that the university cluster in the above-mentioned three World＇s First-Class Bay Areas have some special characteristics. The universities in each World＇s First-Class Bay Area are located adjacently, rooted in local culture, implement innovation together, and have an ecosystem structure. While some synergistic complementarity and restriction function exist in the structure, organization and function of the World-class bay area university clusters, the functions of radiation, diffusion, and reciprocal flow exist in such aspects as material, energy and information. In addition to the common features of the spatial connection and transmission of the world＇s three first-class bay area university clusters, more importantly, the three Bay Areas have formed their own unique cluster development models, such as multi-center plus axis development model in New York Bay Area, multi-center complementary development model in San Francisco Bay Area and Center plus Frontier development model in Tokyo Bay Area are formed due to differences in their own structure, function and organization. According to the general situation, characteristics and cluster development models in the above-mentioned three World＇s First-Class Bay Areas, the Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao Great Bay area of China must follow the development law of higher education, build high-level university cluster highland and the higher education ecosystem in the world＇s first-class bay area. It also must optimize the management structure of the university cluster, rationalize the collaborative innovation mechanism of industry-university-research, construct an innovative cluster based on the knowledge chain, professional linkage and industrial chain to achieve the strategic objectives of the first class bay area.