内蒙古乌梁素海三种野生天鹅种群数量与分布动态研究

Populations and Distribution Dynamics of Three Species of Wild Swans in Wuliangsuhai,Inner Mongolia

2015年1月至2017年11月,对内蒙古乌梁素海疣鼻天鹅、大天鹅和小天鹅的种群数量和分布动态进行调查研究。结果表明:乌梁素海分布有较为稳定的大天鹅、小天鹅和疣鼻天鹅种群,其中疣鼻天鹅为夏候鸟,其余两种为旅鸟。小天鹅种群数量最多,种群平均大小为1500±185只,其次为疣鼻天鹅568±35只,大天鹅最少,有261±55只。3种天鹅在乌梁素海的季节性分布特征差异明显,夏季疣鼻天鹅数量最多,大天鹅和小天鹅极少数个体分布;春季数量从多到少依次为小天鹅>大天鹅>疣鼻天鹅,秋季为小天鹅>疣鼻天鹅>大天鹅;疣鼻天鹅3月中旬至4月上旬迁来,11月上旬至下旬迁离,居留期230-250 d;大天鹅3月中旬至下旬和9月下旬至10月上旬迁徙停留,居留期20-40 d;小天鹅3月下旬至4月中旬和10月下旬至11月中旬迁徙停留,居留期70-90 d。建议保护区及相关部门加强天鹅迁徙期间的巡护和执法力度,满足天鹅沙粒采食需求,解决芦苇资源过剩现象,重视鸟类和水质的长期监测和管理工作。

The survey on populations and distribution dynamics of Mute Swan （Cygnus olor ）, Whooper Swan （Cygnus cygnus ） and Tundra Swan （Cygnus columbianus ） were carried out in Wuliangsuhai, Inner Mongolia, during Jan 2015 to Nov 2017. The results showed that there were relatively stable populations of Mute Swan, Whooper Swan and Tundra Swan in Wuliangsuhai. And Mute Swan is summer resident while the others are passing migrants. Tundra Swan has the largest population with an average population size of 1500±185, followed by Mute Swan and Whooper Swan respectively with a population size of 568±35 and 261±55. There were signifcant diferences in seasonal distribution among the three wild Swan species in Wuliangsuhai. In summer, Mute Swan has the largest population and the other two species have very few distribution, in spring, the population size was in an order of Tundra Swan 〉Whooper Swan〉 Mute Swan, in autumn, the order was Tundra Swan 〉Mute Swan〉Whooper Swan. Mute Swan arrived Wuliangsuhai in mid-March to early April and stayed there to late November, the residence duration was 230-250 days. Whooper Swan stayed from mid-March to late March and from late September to early October, the residence duration was 20-40 days. Tundra Swan stayed from late March to mid-April and from late October to mid-November, the residence duration was 70-90 days. Suggestions were made to strengthen patrol and legal enforcement during Swan migration, to resolve the problem of excess reeds, and to attach importance to the long-term monitoring and management of birds and water quality.