法国的环境保护宪法化及其启示——以环境公益与环境人权的关系为主线

Constitutionalization of Environmental Protection in France and its Inspiration

法国是环境保护宪法化的最典型代表。作为专门的宪法文本,2004年环境宪章秉持生态人道主义理念系统宣告了环境人权和环保基本准则。环境法在传统上基于环境公益而强调国家环保职责,这种偏颇由于环境人权的宪法化而得到纠正。从总体上看,环境宪章通过多样化实施促进了环境法的完善与环保实践的优化。中国宪法亦包含环保条款,但主要是国家环保职责和国策条款,相关环境立法也重在塑造国家环保职责,而忽视环境人权。在生态文明入宪后应当处理好环境公共利益、国家环保职责与环境人权的关系,实现国家尊重和保障环境人权的最终目标。

France is the most classic model of constitutionalization of environmental protection. As a special constitutional text,the 2004 Environment Charter,based on the idea of ecologic humanism,systematically proclaimed the basic doctrine of environmental rights and environment protection.Traditionally,the environmental code focused on state duty to protect environmental public interest,and this is balanced by the constitutionalization of environmental human rights. Generally speaking,Environment Charter promoted the perfection of environment protection law and practice. China ＇s Constitution contains environmental clause,but it mainly includes state duty to protect environment. The environmental law focuses on state duty and ignores environmental right. In the process of constitutionalization of ecological civilization,it＇s necessary to treat the relation of public interest,state duty and human right properly,and to achieve the ultimate goal of environmental human right.