民国时期中苏关系的三个层次(1917-1949)

Three Levels of Sino-Soviet Relations in the Period of the Republic of China (1917-1949)

中华民国建立后,中央政府始终未能实现对全国的有效控制,国内各种政治力量之间及其与中央政权之间充满矛盾和冲突,甚至发生大规模的战争。同时,中央和地方政权与各种外国势力之间存在着错综复杂的关系。其中,苏联(苏俄)对华关系最为特殊,存在着三个主体和三个层次,即苏联政府和中国中央政府、苏联政府和中国地方政府、苏联与中国共产党。从1917年到1949年,中苏关系在大部分时间是中央政府层面的交往,苏联对华政策虽有国际共产主义的考虑,但更重要的是追求其国家利益,这使三层关系相互关联又相对独立,重心也发生转移。民国时期中苏关系的多层次和多主体特征使这一关系成为同期中国对外关系中最复杂的,并留下了诸多需要研究的问题,涉及领域除中苏关系之外,还有苏联史、国际共运史、共产国际史、民国史、中共党史等。多层次、多主体这一特征应该是研究民国时期中苏关系的基本出发点之一。

After the establishment of the Republic of China, the central government had failed to effectively control the country. There were conficts, sometimes even major wars between various domestic political forces and the central government, as well as among these forces. The relations between Chinese central and local governments and foreign powers were complicated as well, particularly for the Soviet Union （Russia） relations are in point. The Sino-Soviet relations developed at three levels, which included relations between Chinese central government and the Soviet government, Chinese local governments and the Soviet government, the Communist Party of China and the Soviet government. However, for most time from 1917 to 1949, the Sino-Soviet relations had been developed at the central government level. Although it took international communism as a main concern when the Soviet Union dealt with China, its national interest was always on the top priority. Therefore, three levels of Sino-Soviet relations were both connecting to each other and relatively independent, while the main actor of the relations had been changing among them. As a result, Sino-Soviet relations was the most complicated relations comparing to China’s other foreign relations at the same period. Numerous problems were left and needed to be studied, including history of the Soviet Union, international communist movement, the Comintern and the Communist Party of China, etc. In a word, the feature of multi-levels and multi-actors should be one of the basic thinking for the research of Sino-Soviet relations.