双行种植与空行覆盖模式对土壤水热条件及冬小麦产量的影响

Effect of Double Line Planting and Blank Line Mulching Pattern on Soil Water,Temperature Condition and Winter Wheat Production

为了探讨适宜冬小麦保水保墒增产的秸秆覆盖模式,于2014-2016年通过大田试验,研究了常规种植无玉米秸秆覆盖(CK)、常规条播+行间覆盖玉米秸秆4 500kg·hm^(-2)(CPM1)、常规条播+行间覆盖玉米秸秆9 000kg·hm^(-2)(CPM2)、双行条播+空行覆盖玉米秸秆4 500kg·hm^(-2)(DPM1)、双行条播+空行覆盖玉米秸秆9 000kg·hm^(-2)(DPM2)5种种植模式对麦田土壤温度、水分及冬小麦产量性状的影响。结果表明,相同秸秆覆盖量下,DPM的冬小麦产量显著高于CK和CPM;DPM2的增产效果优于DPM1,而CPM2的减产率大于CPM1;穗数和地上部干物质量是籽粒产量增减的主要协同因素。与CK相比,秸秆覆盖对冬小麦生育期0~20cm土壤均表现为生育前期增温和后期降温的双重作用;与CPM相比,DPM对冬小麦生长前期土壤增温效果好,后期降温幅度低且延迟降温时间;在同一覆盖模式下,覆盖量越大,前期增温效果越好,后期温度变幅越窄。总体上,秸秆覆盖对生育期均温表现为增加效应。秸秆覆盖使冬小麦整个生育期土壤贮水量增加,其中越冬期增加程度较高,CPM1、CPM2、DPM1、DPM2的土壤贮水量较CK两年平均增加28.7、42.3、25.6和38.3 mm。同一覆盖模式下,覆盖量越大,保水效果越好。生育后期DPM的保水效果优于CPM。因此,在无灌溉或少灌溉条件下,双行种植+空行覆盖模式下覆盖带和种植带结合可对山西晋南地区麦田土壤起到蓄水调温、提高冬小麦有效穗数和产量的作用。

To clarify the suitable mulching pattern on soil water storage and improve yield of winter wheat,a field experiment was carried out from 2014 to 2016 to study the effects of conventional planting pattern without mulching（CK）,conventional planting with mulching mass of 4 500 kg·hm-2（CPM1）and 9 000 kg·hm-2（CPM2）,double line planting and blank line mulching with mulching mass of 4 500 kg·hm-2（DPM1）and 9 000 kg·hm-2（DPM2）on soil temperature,soil water conditions and growth parameters of winter wheat.Results showed that the yield of winter wheat under DPM pattern was significantly higher than that under CK and CPM under the same mulching mass.Under the same mulching pattern,the yield increased effect under DPM2 was perfect compared with that under DPM1.Adversely,yield reduction under CPM2 was stronger than that under CPM1.Effective spike numbers and aboveground biomass formed the main factors for yield increase or decrease.Soil temperature of 0-20 cm depth under mulching performed increased effects in early growth stage and decreased amplitude of soil temperature change.Compared with CPM,the heat preservation effect under DPM was stronger,with lower cooling effect coupled with delayed time.In general,stage average soil temperature under mulching showed heat preservation.Mulching increased soil water content and storage during the whole growth stage,and stronger effect was showed at overwinter stage.Soil water storage under CPM1,CPM2,DPM1 and DPM2 were increased by 28.7 mm,42.3 mm,25.6 mm and 38.3 mm.Water conservation effects under high amounts mulching treatments were excellent compared to that under low amount mulching treatments.Perfect water storage was preserved under DPM at the late growth stage.DPM pattern with planting and mulching belt is a suitable mulching pattern to mediate water storage and soil temperature,and improve efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat with no irrigation or less irrigation in south of Shanxi province.