历史嬗变与现实抉择:近代中国民族学学科建制的发展变迁与理性反思

Historical Change and Realistic Choice: the Development and Rethinking of Ethnology Disciplinary Institution in Modern China

学科发展有赖于学科理论体系的建构,更离不开学科建制的形成和发展。学科建制为学科的发展提供了必不可少的组织基础、人员保障和物质条件,是学科发展的"助推器"。近代中国民族学学科是地道的舶来品,经历了从无到有的发展历程,也是其学科建制肇始、初步形成和发展的过程。近代民族学学科建制的过程表现出如下特点:从人才培养向科学研究、社会服务职能不断扩展;与人类学和社会学难舍难分、共同发展;学科外来性与本土化并存等。近代民族学学科建制的发展历程和特点,对我国当下民族学学科在目标导向、路径选择以及与社会学、人类学关系的处理问题上有一定的借鉴和思考价值,即民族学学科发展的目标导向是问题研究还是理论建构;民族学学科发展的路径是"由内而外"还是"由外而内";民族学与社会学、人类学学科之间的关系是"分而治之"还是"开放融合"。

The development of disciplines depends on not only the construction of a theoretical system but also the development of disciplinary institution. The disciplinary institution,which is regarded as a ＂booster＂,provides the necessary organizational foundation,human resources and material conditions for the development of disciplines. Ethnology discipline is exotic and has a development process from nothing to something. At the same time,it also has experienced the process of establishment,formation and development of disciplinary institution. The period of its development is accompanied by the process from cultivating talent to conducting scientific research and social service. It is also a process of common development with sociology and anthropology,and the coexistence of foreign and Chinese characteristics of ethnology. By analyzing the development and characteristics of disciplinary institution,it has important enlightenment and significant reference especially on the goal orientation,routing selection and the relationship with sociology and anthropology. That is,the goal orientation of ethnology development is the problem researching or the theory construction,the routing selection is＂from the inside to the outside＂or＂from the outside to the inside＂,and the relationship among the ethnology,sociology and anthropology is ＂separated＂or ＂open and integrated＂.