试说周代金文人名称谓中的“长”、“旁”及其宗法内涵

A Tentative Explanation of zhang and pang in the Zhou Bronze Inscription Referring People's Names

周代金文所见由"族氏名+长"或"族氏名+旁"构成的人名形式,其中的"长"和"旁"大概都是表示贵族身份的特定称谓,具有相应的继统意义和宗法内涵。"族氏名+长"不仅可以指家族内部具有家族长或宗子身份的贵族个体,在有关人称转化为氏名的情况下,"长"亦可视作大宗的代名词。至于以"族氏名+旁"为称者,应是指家族内部无继统权力的支子,其内涵相当于文献中的"侧室"或"余子",同"别子"具有相近的宗法意义。

In the bronze inscriptions dated to the Zhou Dynasty, there are some names formed up by clan name plus characteristic zhang( 长, elder and major), or clan name plus characteristic pang( 旁, side). The zhang and pang are very likely special titles of the refereed persons indicating their social and clan status. The clan name plus zhang formed names means that the owners of such kind of names are from the chief branches of the related clans. In the other hand, the clan name plus pang formed names belong to the less important branches that usually called ceshi( 侧室, side branch), yuzi( 余子, additional sons), or biezi( 别子, other sons) in written documents.