减少底肥施用量和农药施用次数对小麦条锈病、白粉病及产量的影响

Effects of dosage of fertilizer and times of pesticides use on wheat stripe rust,powdery mildew and yield

以郑麦103、郑麦101、周麦18、矮抗58为试验材料,研究减少底肥用量、减少农药施用次数对小麦病害发生及产量的影响,试验设置3种底肥水平(习惯施肥量、减肥20%、减肥40%),以及3种农药水平(防治小麦条锈病及白粉病施药2次、减药1次、减药2次),探讨小麦在不同减肥及减药水平对病害发生和产量的影响。结果表明,不同底肥用量对基本苗无影响,与冬前茎蘖,最大茎蘖、有效茎蘖、产量呈正相关。与习惯用量相比,减肥20%,减产幅度很小,减肥40%,减产幅度较大。防治白粉病及条锈病时不同施药次数对试验品种的病情指数有一定影响,与产量呈正相关。减药1次减产幅度较小,减药2次减产幅度较大。在经济效益方面,结合肥料、农药等成本估算,在减肥20%、减药1次处理下,产生的经济效益最高。在现有肥力水平和推广抗病品种前提下,减少底肥用量20%,防治白粉病和锈病施药减少1次,可以达到较好种植效益。

In order to provide scientific basis for the cultivation and management of wheat ＂double reduction＂,this paper studies the effect of reducing dosage of base fertilizers and pesticide spraying times on the disease occurrence and yield of wheat by using Zhengmai 103,Zhengmai 101,Zhoumai18 and Aikang 58 as experimental materials. The experiment set three dosage levels of base fertilizers（ habit dosage,reducing habit dosage 20%,reducing habit dosage 40%）,and three levels of pesticide spraying times（ to prevent wheat strip rust and powdery mildew twice by spraying pesticide,reducing once,reducing twice）,to study the effect of at different fertilizer and pesticide levels on wheat disease occurrence and yield. The results show that different dosages of base fertilizer had no effect on the basic seedling number and the effect on the tiller number before the winter,the maximum tiller number,the effective tiller number and the production was positively correlated. Compared with the habit dosage of base fertilizer,the reduction of the yield was very small under reduction of habit dosage by 20%; while the reduction of the yield was greater under the reduction of habit dosage by 40%. The different treatment times of powdery mildew and stripe rust had certain influence on the disease index of the experimental variety,but had positive correlation with the yield. if we reduce pesticide spraying once,the yield reduction will be small. If we reduce pesticide spraying twice,the yield reduction will be large. In terms of economic benefits,combined with the cost estimation of fertilizers,pesticides and other costs,the economic benefit is the highest at the level of reducing habit dosage by 20% and disease prevention once. In conclusion,under the precondition of the current fertility level,if we reduce 20% of the base fertilizer and prevent powdery mildew and strip rust once,the optimal planting benefit of wheat can be achieved.