汉文化圈视域下的中琉天鹅处女型故事比较研究

Comparative Research on Chinese-Ryukyu Swan Virgin Tales

《搜神记》中记述的毛衣女故事是中国文字记载最完整的天鹅处女型故事。在汉文化圈影响下,毛衣女故事还流传到韩国、日本、琉球等地区,并呈现在地化趋势。琉球地区流传的察度王传说的原型可追溯至毛衣女故事,但并非直接源自中国大陆而是经过日本中转而成。在毛衣女故事传播到日本的过程中,两部汉文典籍均发挥了重要作用。干宝的《搜神记》中的羽衣母题和藏衣于积稻下母题在日本和琉球的天鹅处女型故事中均有传承,句道兴本《搜神记》中的"天女井池中沐浴""树下仙女""神奇的天女之子"母题给日本和琉球的始祖型天鹅处女型故事带来很大影响。毛衣女故事在日本和琉球的传播是在汉文化圈背景下与儒释道文化、七夕节日等汉文化在日本的传播同步进行的,是与日本神道文化、本土的七夕信仰相融合实现的。

The Sweater-Woman tale of＂Record of Gods-seeking＂is the most complete swan virgin one recorded in Chinese. Under the influence of Chinese cultural circle,the Sweater-Woman tale was spread to Korea,Japan and Ryukyu,displaying the trend of localization. The archetype of King Chadu tale can be traced to the Sweater-Woman tale,which,yet,did not come from China directly but via Japan. In the process of the Sweater-Woman tale spreading from China to Japan two Chinese classics played an important role. ＂Record of Gods-seeking＂by Yu Bao shows the motif of feathered clothes and dresses hidden under the rice,inherited by the swan virgin tale of Japan and Ryukyu.The Japanese counterpart version indicates ＂bathing in Fairy Ladies＇ Pool＂,＂Fairy Ladies under the tree＂,and＂Magical Fairy Ladies＇ sons＂,which affect the initial swan virgin tale of Japan and Ryukyu to a large extent. The spread of the Sweater-Woman tale in Japan and Ryukyu synchronized with the communication of Confucianism and Taoism culture as well as that of Chinese Double-Seven Festival（ Chinese Valentine＇s Day）,and hence it was a result of the integration of Japanese Shinto culture and localized Double-Seven faith.