论宋代外制官的封还词头

Study of Sealing Back Citou of Outer Drafters in Song Dynast

词头是两制词臣撰拟制诏时所依据的摘由或提要,内容多为皇帝下达的有关人事任免方面的处理意见。如果词臣对于当草制书的决策有异议,可以将词头封还,不予草制,即所谓“封还词头”。封还词头是外制官特别重要的权力,凭借此项职权,外制官参与了很多政务的决策。在宋代,外制官封还词头的权力是逐渐争取到的,其制度形成经历了一个发展过程。宋代的封还词头之制始于富弼,成于胡宿,而大备于“熙宁三舍人”。在辨析封还词头涵义的基础上,分期考察宋代外制官的封还词头,理清其发展脉络,评估其作用和影响。

Citou is the cause or abstract on which the Inner Drafters and Outer Drafters drew up the imperial edicts. The content of Citou are mostly appointed opinions by the emperor on the personnel appointment or removal. If the drafters disagreed with the decision of the emperor, they had power to veto it, sealed back the Citou, and refused to make the draft, that is so-called “seal back Citou”, which is a particularly important power of Outer Drafters. With this power, Outer Drafters were involved in a lot of government policy-making. In Song Dynasty, the power of vetoing Citou of Outer Drafters was gradually won, and the formation of the veto system went through a process of development. In Song Dynasty, veto system began with Fu Bi, formed in Hu Su, and perfected by “three Secretariat Drafters of Xining”. Based on the differentiation and analysis on the meaning of sealing back Citou in Song Dynasty, this paper examines the veto of Citou by Outer Drafters in Song Dynasty in different stages, and clarifies its development context and assesses its functions and influences.