中国公共政策的新领域:社会性别视角下的交通与可持续性

Gender,Transport,Sustainability:Chinese Perspectives on a New Field of Research and Public Policy

21世纪以来,世界各国均面临交通、可持续性和便捷出行问题的严峻挑战。其中,性别平等是可持续交通的一项重要议题,长久以来被中西方科研和政策决策者所忽视。首先回顾了以往交通研究的主流观点,考察与之关联的社会不平等及不可持续行为,认为为了实现更加公平、低碳的交通,应将文化维度,包括作为分析范畴的社会性别视角考虑在内。其次,结合中国报纸和在北京市及上海市的实地考察,探讨了中国城市的交通和出行,分析了私人汽车、公共交通及自行车等各种日常交通工具中所体现出的性别与阶级差异。研究表明,新的交通模式和实践倾向于满足中产阶级(男性)的需求,近来的交通举措同样引发性别与阶级之间的等级差距,这可能会阻碍交通向环境友好型方向发展。最后,对共享单车进行了反思。共享单车在中国城市间迅速兴起,为促进交通可持续性和性别平等提供了难得的契机。

All over the world in the 21 st century,governments are being confronted with mounting and demanding challenges in connecting transport,sustainability and accessible mobility for all.One area of critical importance for sustainable mobility is the issue of gender equality,a dimension which has so far been neglected and downplayed in research and policymaking in both China and the West.This article begins with a critical inspection of dominant ideas in transport research which have contributed to social inequality and unsustainable transport practices.It is argued that it is crucial to take the cultural dimensions into account,including gender as an analytical category,in order to provide more just and lower carbon modes of transport.The second part of the article addresses transport and mobility in urban China from such perspectives and shows how gender and class are represented in various forms of mundane transport,such as private cars,biking and public transit.Based on materials in Chinese newspapers and fieldwork in Beijing and Shanghai,it is shown how representations of transport and mobility in the Chinese media have been closely connected to new repertoires of masculinity and femininity.The study shows that new forms of transport and practices tend to meet middle-class（male）affordances.Recent transport practices also produce hierarchical dynamics of gender and class which might impede changes to more environmentally friendly modes of transportation.The article includes a reflection on shared biking,which overnight has become immensely popular in Chinese cities and may provide a rather unique moment for promoting both sustainable transport and gender equality.