国家主权视野下条约退出权的实践与展望——以非洲国家退出国际刑事法院为切入点

The Practice and Prospect of Treaty Exit Right under the Perspective of National Sovereignty

近年来,一些非洲国家宣告退出ICC的举动引发了国际社会对条约退出行为的广泛关注。作为退约权的具体实践,缔约国退出ICC的行为不仅在《国际刑事法院罗马规约》和《维也纳条约法公约》中存在合法性依据,其正当性基础也由国家主权的对外独立属性所奠定。在国家主权原则之下,各主权国家均享有退出国际条约的权利。从条约法的历史演进来看,缔约国在行使退约权的过程中,其行为方式表现出从消极行使向积极行使过渡的实践特点,并且退约权的行使也逐步成为各国进行政治博弈的法律手段。主权国家通过行使条约退出权以争取新的合作形式,创造新的利益格局,虽然有利于各国维护自身的国家利益,但也应当保持审慎的态度,严格遵循相应的程序性规则和实体性要求。

In recent years, some African countries have declared their withdrawal from the ICC, which has aroused wide attention from the international community. As a specific practice of treaty exit right, the withdrawal from the ICC of state party which not only has legitimacy basis in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, but also based on the independence of national sovereignty. Under the principle of national sovereignty, all sovereign states enjoy treaty exit right from international treaties. From the historical evolution of treaty law, in the process of treaty exit right, its behavior reflects the practical characteristics of transition from passive exercise to active exercise, and the exercise of treaty exit right has also become a legal means for all countries in the international political game. The sovereign states can seek for new forms of cooperation through treaty exit right, and create the new interest pattern, although this will help countries to maintain their own national interests, but we should have a cautious attitude, and strictly follow the corresponding procedural rules and the substantive requirements.