明清时期皖江流域土地占有形态与租佃关系

Research on land ownership and tenancy relationship in the Wanjiang basin valley in Ming and Qing Dynasties

租佃关系是明清皖江流域非常普遍的土地占有形态及主要的生产关系,通过对农村社会分层的变动和租佃形态等方面进行分析,探讨明清时期皖江流域农村土地制度、土地租佃关系和借贷关系等农业生产关系的演变过程。认为:按照对土地的占有情况,明清皖江流域农村可分为大地主、中小地主、自耕农、佃农和雇农等不同的层级类别,且各阶层存在一定的变动;租佃形态主要以土地的所有权与使用权分离为主,佃农仍是主力之一。耕地类型可分为官田和民田两类,其中官田占绝大部分,民田的所有权属私人,被官绅商人、乡绅地主、军功地主、外国教士和教堂兼并侵吞;佃农向地主租赁土地、建立租佃关系,地租形态有力租、物租、钱租等三种主要形态,永佃制得以发展。

Tenancy relationship is the most common form of land ownership and the main relations of production in the Wanjiang basin in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.By analyzing the changes of social stratification and the form of tenancy,the paper discusses the rural land system,land tenancy relationship,loan relationships and other changes in the relationship between agricultural production at that time.According to the land ownership,the paper suggests the rural society can be divided into different hierarchical categories,such as large landowners,small and medium landowners,peasant farmers,tenant farmers,and farm workers,and there is a certain degree of change in each stratum;the type of tenancy is mainly land ownership.Separated from the right to use,tenant farmers are still one of the main forces.The type of cultivated land can be divided into two types：Guantian and Mintian,of which the Guantian accounted for most of the land.The private ownership of Mintian was private and was misappropriated by bureaucrats,landlords,foreign priests,and churches.In order to establish a tenancy relationship,the tenant rented land from the landlord.The three main rent forms are strength,substance,money.Forever-tenancy will be developed.