摘要
Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2 is considered as the most promising catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane（OCM） process; however, it only has a better catalytic performance over 800 °C. To improve its low-temperature performance, an attempt has been made to modify the Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2 catalyst using TiO_2, MgO, Ga_2O_3, and ZrO_2. Among the synthesized catalysts, the TiO_2-modified Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2 catalyst shows markedly improved low-temperature OCM performance,achieving a high CH_4 conversion of ~23% and a good C_2-C_3 selectivity of ~73% at 700 °C（the catalyst bed temperature）, along with promising stability for at least 300 h without signs of deactivation.In comparison with the unmodified Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2 catalyst, the TiO_2 modification results in significant improvement in the low-temperature activity/selectivity, whereas the MgO modification has almost no impact and the Ga_2O_3 and ZrO_2 modifications have a negative effect. The X-ray diffraction（XRD） and Raman results reveal that the formation of a MnTiO_3 phase and a MnTiO_3-dominated catalyst surface is crucial for the improvement of the low-temperature activity/selectivity in the OCM process.
甲烷(页岩气、天然气、可燃冰和煤层气的主要成分)是地球上储量巨大的优质能源和高品味的碳氢资源,我国也拥有储量居全球前列的页岩气、可燃冰和煤层气.虽然甲烷经由合成气可以间接转化为乙烯等产品,但工艺流程长以及合成气造气高温、高能耗和高物耗也是不争的事实,这在一定程度上降低了间接合成路线的竞争优势.特别是,甲烷的间接转化需要将本应部分保留于产品的C―H键全部打断生成合成气,然后再在催化剂作用下重组得到烃类产品,故而并不完美.因此,甲烷的直接转化一直是科学家孜孜以求的理想路径,甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯(OCM反应)也再一次引起关注.目前,Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2是最富有应用前景的催化剂,但其适宜反应温度仍高达800°C以上,极大地制约了其工业化应用.为提高其低温催化性能,本文采用金属氧化物MO_x(TiO_2,MgO,Ga_2O_3或ZrO_2)对Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2催化剂进行了掺杂改性,利用扫描电子显微镜、N_2吸附-脱附等温曲线、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱等手段对改性后的催化剂进行了系统表征.结果表明,TiO_2掺杂的Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2催化剂在700 ℃(催化剂床层温度)下,CH_4转化率可达23%,同时C_2-C_3烃类选择性约为73%,且能够稳定运行300 h无失活迹象;MnTiO_3的形成对提高OCM反应的低温活性和选择性至关重要,本质在于低温(≤700 ℃)化学循环"MnTiO_3.Mn_2O_3"的形成替代了未改性催化剂的高温(>800 ℃)化学循环"MnWO_4.Mn_2O_3".对于MgO改性的Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2催化剂,其催化性能与未改性催化剂相当,反应过程中Mn_2O_3与MgO生成了新物相Mg_2MnO_4;虽然也形成了新的MnWO_4.Mg_2MnO_4氧化还原循环,但是该循环与MnWO4.Mn_2O_3循环类似,需在高温下才可高效进行.对于Ga_2O_3或ZrO_2改性的催化剂,其催化性能低于未改性催化剂,原因在于反应过程中Ga_2O_3或ZrO_2的引入促进了MnWO4物相的生成并对其有稳定作用,反应后的催化剂无论是体相还是表面都只能检测到MnWO_4,推测认为冄-方石英。
基金
上海市科委基础重点项目(18JC1412100)
国家自然科学基金(21773069,21703069,21473057,U1462129)
国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划,2011CB201403).
