基于用法的“词”与“语”的异同辨析

Usage-based Differentiation of Ci and Yu

同义词的探讨多为内省法。我们采用内省和实证相结合的方法探讨词和语的异同。先从权威的词典释义入手,接着检索CCL语料库和BCC语料库词和语的历时分布,及其在不同语域中的词频分布,特别是不同语域的不同搭配特征,绘制出各自的用法使用图。总体而言,语的用法远远大于词的用法。词的使用不同语域情况各不相同,而语的使用不同语域的情况大致相同。当词与语同义并混用时,词表达的是词作为最小使用的语言单位的释义,强调的是语法或者语义;而语则是作为"语言"这一语义的表现,更注重语用功能。

The discussion of synonym is mostly introspective. We use introspection and empirical method to discuss the similarities and differences of ci and yu. First we present their semantic meanings from the dictionary respectively, and then retrieve the CCL corpus and BCC corpus to see their diachronic distribution, as well as their frequencies in different registers, in particular, their different collocations in different registers. Finally we draw their usage charts. In general, yu is much more frequently used than ci. The usage of ci varies from one register to another, while yu is roughly the same. When ci is synonymous with yu and serves as the smallest language unit, it emphasizes grammar or semantic meaning. However, yu is the semantic representation of language, and focuses more on its pragmatic function