畜禽粪便超高温堆肥产物理化性质及其对小白菜生长的影响

Physico-chemical properties of hyperthermophilic composting from livestock manures and its effects on growth of Chinese cabbage

为考察超高温快速堆肥提高畜禽粪便处理效率的可行性及其产物农田施用效果,以鸡粪(chicken manure,CM)、猪粪(pig manure,PM)、奶牛粪(dairy manure,DM)和稻壳为发酵原料,监测其在85℃、发酵24 h前后的理化特性和嗜热微生物数量变化,并采用盆栽试验研究了鸡粪为主要原料的快速堆肥产物对小白菜出苗和生长的影响。结果表明,超高温发酵24 h后粪便中病原菌数量和含水率达到有机肥质量标准,70℃能生长的高温微生物数量提高2个数量级。超高温快速堆肥后,CM,PM,DM浸提液可溶性有机碳质量分数分别增加了46.5%、22.9%和42.6%,挥发性脂肪酸质量分数分别增加了37.2%,31.2%和56.8%。超高温快速堆肥对CM,PM,DM总氮、总磷、总钾含量影响不大,但游离氨基酸质量分数分别增加79.2%,58.1%,74.6%;总腐殖质质量分数分别增加了27.6%,3.4%,27.3%。CM,PM中铵态氮质量分数分别上升了114.6%,40.6%(P<0.001),因而降低了种子发芽指数和小白菜出苗率。但出苗后,施用超高温快速堆肥产物的小白菜地上部生物量最高,分别比施用纯化肥、腐熟有机肥高出20.4%(P>0.05)和51.9%(P<0.05)。可见超高温快速堆肥(85℃,24 h)提高畜禽粪便处理效率是可行的,其产物施入土壤能减少无机氮肥的施用,但不宜用于育苗,施用时应根据土壤和作物类型,采用合理的施用量和施用方法。

In order to assess the feasibility of improving the composting efficiency of animal wastes by fast hyperthermophiliccomposting and to evaluate the effects of the hyperthermophilic compost application on crop growth, chicken manure （CM）,pig manure （PM） and dairy manure （DM） mixed with rice husk were used as raw materials to study the physico-chemicalproperties of the feedstocks before and after the fast hyperthermophilic treatment （HPT） at 85 ℃ for 24 h. In addition, a potexperiment in greenhouse was carried out to study the effects of hyperthermophilic chicken manure compost application on theseed germination and growth of Chinese cabbage. The obtained results were listed as following. The population of fecalcoliforms was significantly reduced by HPT and met the hygienic requirement for harmless disposal of animal manures.Dilution plate count showed that the numbers of the thermophilic microorganisms that could grow at 70 ℃ in the three kindsof animal manures were increased by two orders of magnitude using HPT. HPT significantly decreased the pH value of animalmanure extracts. The contents of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and total volatile fatty acids （TVFAs） were significantlyincreased after HPT. Compared with those in the raw materials, the contents of DOC in PM, DM and DM were increased by46.5%, 22.9% and 42.6%, respectively, and contents of TVFAs were increased by 37.2%, 31.2% and 56.8%, respectively. TheHPT had little effect on the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents in the three kinds of raw materials, butthe contents of free amino acids were increased by 79.2%, 58.1% and 74.6%, and the humic substance contens were increasedby 27.6%, 3.4%, 27.3% （P〈0.001） in PM, DM and DM respectively. The contents of NH4＋-N were increased by 114.6% and40.6% in CM and PM, so the seed germination index and emergence rate of Chinese cabbage treated by HPT products wasreduced. Results from the pot experiment showed that the aboveground biomass of the Chinese cabbage treated by thehypothermophilic chicken manure were 20.4% and 51.9% higher than those treated by the pure inorganic fertilizers and thosetreated by the conventional organic fertilizer. In conclusion, it is feasible to improve the processing efficiency of animalmanures by rapid thermophilic composting at 85 ℃ for 24 h. The obtained HPT product could be applied to the soil to reducethe use of inorganic N. However, the HTP products are not recommended to be used as nursery substrates, and a reasonableamount and the proper application method should be selected based on the soil and crop type.