海上风机灾害分析及健康监测技术综述

A Review of Failure Analyses and Structural Health Monitoring Techniques for Offshore Wind Turbines

[目的]风能是近年来飞速发展的可再生新能源。在过去的20年中,风机总装机量在全球范围内有了大幅度地增长。由于暴露在恶劣的自然环境中,海上风机尤其容易受到多种灾害的共同干扰。针对常见灾害对风机结构的影响进行了系统性地总结分析。[方法]首先介绍了强台风和中度台风引起的风机叶片破坏和塔架整体倒塌的事故,对事故现象及分析方法做了初步探讨。除此之外,考虑中国作为地震多发带以及特殊的海上环境,对海上风机在波浪和地震荷载作用下的动力响应及灾害预测也进行了系统阐述。针对台风、地震和波浪的不同荷载模拟方法,包括考虑线性和非线性特征的不同数学模型,在相关研究领域被相继提出;相应的风机结构损伤分析也包括了动力学常见的时域分析和频谱分析。[结果]通过采取不同灾害指标,对于不同荷载及工况下的分析表明,极端风速是影响风机结构安全性的最关键因素。随着结构健康监测技术在土木基础设施中的成功运用,其重要性实用性日益受到关注。[结论]系统阐述了土木结构健康监测的原理,成功实例,以及相应的传感技术。并进而介绍了健康监测技术在风电领域的发展与应用。有些局部损伤探测已经被工业领域成功实施并取得了良好的效果。值得注意的是,过往的研究主要集中于对风机局部构件的健康检测方法。针对风机结构稳定性安全性的整体检测将会是未来研究工作的重点。

[Introduction]Wind energy is one type of rapidly-developing renewable clean energy. The number of installed wind turbines（ WTs） has increased significantly over the past 20 years. The offshore WTs are typically exposed to a harsh sea environment and prone to natural hazards. Failure analyses for WTs are systematically reviewed in this paper. [Method] The actual damage incidents during historical typhoons are summarized. Waves and earthquakes are another two types of potential hazards for offshore WTs that require serious consideration,although a limited number of WT structure failure induced by earthquakes was reported. A variety of load modeling and simulation methods,which are the prerequisite for WT structural failure analysis,have been developed for different types of loads. [Result]Accordingly,different finite element methods,dynamic simulation methods,and failure criteria have been studied and adopted in the failure analysis. The past results obtained showthat extreme wind load governs structural failure of WTs. M eanwhile,structural health monitoring（ SHM） techniques have seen increasing applications in civil and mechanical structures. The state-of-the-practice for SHM in civil infrastructure is introduced. Similar SHM concept has recently been applied in WT industry. [Conclusion]This reviewpresents the principles and applications of SHM in WT. The valuable information derived from SHM systems can not only help to prevent potential structural failure,but also improve and optimize the current WT design. However,only a narrowrange of WT SHM is covered in this paper. In-service long term monitoring for WT is a critical research area that needs significant research effort in future.