基于地貌因子的高标准农田建设潜力研究

Construction potential of high-standard farmland based on landform factors

建设高标准农田是科学、高效、可持续利用土地资源的重要方式,建设潜力研究是高标准农田建设的前期基础工作。本文立足重庆市垫江县4个地貌类型区(浅丘低丘区、低中丘区、坪状高丘区、低山及山麓深丘区),借助实地调研、图件和统计数据,从地块尺度构建高标准农田建设潜力评价指标体系,利用熵权法分别计算指标在各地貌类型区的权重,借助综合指数法测算各评价单元建设的潜力得分。结果表明:1)垫江县约80%的基本农田具备建设成高标准农田的潜力,其中:基本具备区占28.57%,稍加整治区占24.13%,全面整治区占26.92%。2)4种地貌类型区建设高标准农田的潜力大小排序为浅丘低丘区>低中丘区≈坪状高丘区>低山及山麓深丘区。3)不同地貌类型区高标准农田建设的限制因子差异较大:浅丘低丘区限制因子是土壤有机质含量、农田防护面积,低中丘区的限制因子是有效土层厚度、土壤有机质含量、灌排条件,坪状高丘区的限制因子是土壤有机质含量、排灌条件、距交通干线距离,低山及山麓深丘区的限制因子是有效土层厚度、土壤有机质含量、pH、排灌条件、农田机耕能力和田块到居民点距离。未来建设高标准农田时,要因地制宜,布设工程应紧密结合不同地貌类型区限制因子和当地农业产业发展方向,聚焦主导产业消除或降低限制因子的作用,进行差别化高标准农田建设。

The construction of high-standard farmland is important for scientific, efficient and sustainable use of land resources, and the potential study is the basic work in the construction of high-standard farmland. In view of the experience and problems in the construction of high-standard farmland during the ＂12th Five-Year＂ period, this study hypothesized that ＂high-standard＂ not only focused on the quality improvement, but also the enhancement of mechanization and scale of cultivated land. Moreover, differentiation was necessary in planning and design for various natural, social and economy conditions. There are complex and diverse landform types in Chongqing. Driven by the law of regional differentiation, significant differences in social-economy and industrial development arose in space. Thus this article used landforms as the basis for evaluation of high-standard farmland construction potential with Dianjiang County in Chongqing as the research area. The study analyzed the potential of using basic farmlands to build high-standard farmlands and isolated the limiting factors for building high-standard farmlands in different landform types. Hence it was expected that the study will provide the theoretical basis for the planning and construction of new high-standard farmlands in Dianjiang County, Chongqing. Based on the four landform areas of Dianjiang County （shallow and low hill area, low middle hill area, high hill with flat area, and low mountain and deep hill area）, we established an index system to evaluate the construction potential of high-standard farmlands. Furthermore, the entropy weight method was used to calculate the weights of indicators in each geographic area. The comprehensive index method was further used to determine the potential score of each evaluation unit. The results showed that： 1） about 80% of the basic farmlands in Dianjiang County had the potential to be transformed into high-standard farmlands. Among these, the area basically meeting the construction criteria covered 28.57% of the total basic farmland, the area needing improvement accounted for 24.13%, and the area needing comprehensive renovation made up 26.92%. 2） The potential for the construction of high-standard farmlands in four types of landform was ranked as： shallow and low hill area ＞ low middle hill area ≈ high hill with flat area ＞ low mountain and deep hill area. 3） There were different limiting factors to high-standard farmland construction in different landform areas. The restricting factors in the shallow and low hill area were soil organic matter content and farmland protective acreage. The limitations in low middle hill area were effective soil layer thickness, soil organic matter content, and irrigation and drainage conditions. The restrictive factors in the high hills with flat area were soil organic matter content, irrigation and drainage conditions, and distance of field to main road. The limiting factors in low mountains and deep hill area were effective soil layer thickness, soil organic matter content, pH, irrigation and drainage condition, farmland tractor-plowing ability, and distance of field to residential area. In the planning and implementation of high-standard farmland construction projects, there was need for project layout to be closely developed around different physiognomy type restriction factors and local agricultural industry development direction. At the same time, there was need for project layouts to focus on leading industries and to eliminate or reduce the role of limiting factors, to carry out different high-standard farmland constructions.