中国区域全要素生态效率及其影响因素研究

Research on regional total-factor ecological efficiency of China:measurement and determinants

全要素生态效率的测度评价对于推进生态文明建设和促进区域协调发展具有重要意义。将生态足迹指标纳入全要素分析框架之中,提出Shephard生态距离函数,并由此构建全要素生态效率指标。同时运用基于Shephard生态距离函数的随机前沿分析模型,对2000—2014年中国区域的全要素生态效率及其影响因素进行了实证研究。结果显示:(1)中国生态足迹总量在2000—2014年呈现出递增趋势,增长速度在2006年之后有所放缓;中国各省市在生态足迹平均值和年均增长率方面均存在显著差异。(2)中国及其中部的全要素生态效率呈现出"先下降,后波动"的变化趋势,东部的生态效率呈现出"先下降,后上升"的"U"型变化趋势,西部的生态效率在整个研究期内基本上都呈现出下降趋势。中国全要素生态效率的地区分布大体上呈现出由西北向东南逐步提升的态势,河北、河南、山东等省份由于区域间的污染排放转移而出现生态效率塌陷现象。(3)全要素生态效率与环境规制呈"U"型关系,加强环境规制在长远上有利于生态效率提升;经济发展水平、产业机构和外资规模均对全要素生态效率具有显著的正向作用。根据实证分析结果,提出政策建议:大力扶持发展第三产业,引导产业有序转移,实现产业结构科学升级,同时立足当地的资源环境承载能力,因地制宜承接相关产业,并加强对转移企业的环境监管,禁止污染排放的跨区域转移;出台积极的招商引资政策,提升外资在本地企业中的优势,同时制定相关政策法规,加强对外资企业的甄别和监管,避免污染排放的跨国转移;各级政府必须将生态文明建设放在压倒性位置,出台更加严格有效的资源管理政策,并进一步细化各类环境保护规章制度,加强对环境污染排放的约束和监管。

The evaluation of total-factor ecological efficiency （TFEE） plays an important role in promoting ecological civilization construction and regional coordinated development. The ecological footprint （EF） indicator is incorporated into the total-factor analysis framework to derive the novel Shephard ecological distance function which is used to construct the total-factor ecological efficiency indicator. Meanwhile, using the stochastic frontier analysis based on Shephard ecological distance function, the paper analyzes the regional total-factor ecological efficiency and its determinants in China during 2000-2014. The results show that： ①China’s total EF shows an increasing trend during 2000-2014 and the growth rate is found to slow down after 2006. There are significant differences in the mean value and average annual growth rate of EF among regions of China. ②The TFEE of China and its middle area both show a trend of ‘decline first and then fluctuate’, and that of eastern China presents a trend of ‘decline first and then rise’, while western China experiences a continuous decline in TFEE over the study period. The regional distribution pattern of TFEE in China is generally presented as a gradual increase from northwest to southeast. Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces are found with a collapse phenomenon in TFEE which may be attributed to inter-regional pollution emission transfer. ③There is an U-shaped relationship between TFEE and environmental regulation and strengthening environmental regulation is beneficial for the promotion of TFEE in the long run. The economic level, industrial structure and foreign investment scale are all found with a significant positive effect on the TFEE. Finally, based on the above findings, the following policy implications are provided： first, local governments should promote the development of the tertiary industry and guide the orderly transfer of industries, thus realizing the scientific upgrading of industrial structure. Meanwhile, local governments should undertake relevant industries based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment, and strengthen the environmental supervision of transfer enterprises, resolutely prohibiting trans-regional pollution transfer. Second, local governments should introduce active policies for inviting outside investment and take the advantages of foreign investment in local enterprises. Meanwhile, local governments should establish relevant policies to strengthen the screening and supervision of foreign-funded enterprises, avoiding trans-national pollution transfer. Third, governments at all levels must put the ecological civilization construction into an overwhelming position, and introduce more strict and effective resource management policies. Additionally, all kinds of environmental protection rules and regulations should be further refined to strengthen the restraint and supervision of environmental pollution emissions.